// Basically imports
// <> import something from a standard library location
// "" import something from an actual path
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

// Preprocessor instructions with ifdef and ifndef, needs endif at the end
// ifndef = if not defined
#ifndef OOF
// Define a variable just to do the if check
#define OOF
// Define a variable to be replaced in source code
// This means that BUFFER_SIZE will be replaced by 16 everywhere on compile
#define BUFFER_SIZE 16
#endif

// Pointers can be useful for pass by reference
// addNum takes a poiner and increases the value at its memory location
void addNum(int *a) {
    *a += 20;
}
void usePassByReference() {
    int x = 10;
    // Calling addNum with the location of the variable will increase it
    // without having to return the changed value later
    addNum(&x);
    // meaning that x will be 30 here, not 10 like it would be without pointers
    printf("x is %d\n", x);
}

// Function pointers exist!
void someMethod(int d) {
    printf("d is %d\n", d);
}
// You can create a function pointer with a return type (in this case void)
// and a variable name (in this case "function") that takes a certain number
// of parameters (in this case one integer, so "(int)")
void callAMethodWithAnIntParam(void (*function)(int), int parameter) {
    // You can then call the function that the pointer points to by doing this
    // and giving it the parameters like with a normal function
    (*function)(parameter);
}
void useFunctionPointers() {
    //Now these two calls do the same, basically
    someMethod(10);
    callAMethodWithAnIntParam(someMethod, 10);
}

// Static function variables
// Much like in Java, static variables stay put
// But the difference here is that you can actually have static variables
// in methods that still stay
int addToSum(int add) {
    static int sum = 0;
    // Calling this method will add to the total sum
    sum += add;
    return sum;
}

// Structs to store more data at once
struct vec2 {
    double x;
    double y;
};
void useStruct() {
    // When making a variable of a struct, you still have to put "struct" in front
    struct vec2 point;
    // When making a struct variable, you can directly set its data without
    // having to call a constructor or anything
    point.x = 10.0;
    point.y = 20.0;
    // Structure pointers can be useful for linked lists etc.
    struct vec2 *pointRef;
    // Instead of using ., you can use -> to access the value of a structure
    // pointer. The call below is equivalent to the call (*pointRef).x = 0.25;
    pointRef->x = 0.25;
    pointRef->y = 0.5;

    printf("point is %.2f, %.2f\n", point.x, point.y);
    printf("pointRef is %.2f, %.2f\n", pointRef->x, pointRef->y);
}

// Enums to make a list of things
enum color {
    RED, BLACK
};
void useEnum() {
    // When making a variable, you still have to put "enum" in front
    // Assignment also possible using integers (enums are just integers basically)
    enum color c = RED;
    printf("c is %d\n", c);
}

// Typedef allows you to define an actual type based on a struct or enum
// To use typedef, you need the first argument to be the thing you want to
// define a type of, and the second argument ("vec3") to be the name of the
// new type
typedef struct vector3 {
    double x;
    double y;
    double z;
} vec3;
// Type definition like this has multiple parts:
// struct vector3 { double x; double y; double z; } is the struct itself
// typedef <something> <name> makes it so that you don't have to write "struct vector3 point;" to create a variable
// These two can be combined into the following to make it shorter as well:
typedef struct {
    double x;
    double y;
} vec2;
// You can also define a type that just mirrors another one
typedef int address; 
void useTypedef() {
    // Creating variables of structs
    vec3 point;
    point.x = 5.0;
    point.y = 10.0;
    point.z = 0.0;
    printf("point is %.2f, %.2f, %.2f\n", point.x, point.y, point.z);

    // Creating variables of custom types
    address testAddress;
    testAddress = 7;
}

// The main method that gets called when executing the program
// Receives the amount of arguments and an array of arrays of chars
// (so an array of strings) which stores the actual arguments
int main(int argumentAmount, char **arguments) {
    // Prints something out to the console
    // f stands for formatted -> you can use %s etc to format your output
    printf("Hello World my dudes\n");

    // sizeof gets the size of a data type - so the amount of bytes it takes up
    // This can also be done on a malloc'd array to find the size in bytes
    // directly!
    int size = sizeof(int);

    // Unsigned variables
    unsigned int i = 10;

    // There are no boolean data types
    // Doing an if check with an integer will return
    // true if the integer is != 0, false otherwise
    int booln = 0;

    // Pointers: They're confusing, so strap in
    int c = 0;
    // Pointer variable intialization - d is going to point to something
    // rather than be something
    int *d;
    // & is the referencing operator - it gives back the address of a variable
    // In this case, d will not be set to c = 0, but to the address where the 0
    // sits in memory
    d = &c;
    // d is pointing to an address in memory that stores a value (in this case
    // the address that stores the 0 that c was assigned to)
    // * is the dereferencing operator - it gives back the value at an address
    // In this case, c will be set to 0, because d points to its address
    c = *d;

    // Array arithmetics work as you'd want them to
    // This creates an array for 16 ints, so 16*sizeof(int) bytes of storage
    int array[16];
    // If you increase the value of a pointer, then it will shift the address
    // in memory that it looks at - by the amount of bytes of its type
    // In this case, pointer will be moved by sizeof(int) bytes, not just one!
    int *pointer;
    pointer++;

    // Allocates space that shouldn't be overriden by something else
    // This is useful if you want an array that you fill later
    // Keep in mind that this is only necessary for arrays!
    // malloc(x) reserves x bytes
    char *buffer = malloc(sizeof(char) * BUFFER_SIZE);
    // After you're done with the data, free the memory for different use
    free(buffer);

    usePassByReference();
    useFunctionPointers();
    useStruct();
    useEnum();
    useTypedef();
}