// Pseudocode and structs for nt!PsSyscallProviderDispatch.
// For ntosknrl win11 24H2 10.0.26100.1742.
// Restored by Cyra, adjusted by @sixtyvividtails.
//
// See actual research:
// by @gal_kristal: https://gist.github.com/Kristal-g/eec050b3fcea2a77715ef0cff4acf841
// by @0xfluxsec: https://fluxsec.red/alt-syscalls-for-windows-11


// name's mine  // @gal_kristal: _PS_SYSCALL_PROVIDER_SERVICE_DESCRIPTOR_GROUP
struct $SVC_DESCRIPTOR
{
    /*00*/  void* HandlersBase;         // all syscall handlers are at HandlersBase + offset
    /*08*/  $SVC_TABLE* LowTable;       // for syscall numbers < 0x1000
    /*10*/  $SVC_TABLE* HighTable;      // for syscall numbers >= 0x1000
    /*18*/  // size
};


// name's mine  // @gal_kristal: _PS_SYSCALL_PROVIDER_SERVICE_DESCRIPTOR
struct $SVC_TABLE
{
    /*00*/  uint SyscallEntriesCount;       // number of entries in table, up to 0x1000
    /*04*/  $SYSCALL_ENTRY SyscallEntry[];  // indexed from 0 to SyscallEntriesCount-1
    /*4004*/ // maximum size
};


// name's mine  // @gal_kristal: _PS_SYSCALL_PROVIDER_SERVICE_ENTRY
struct $SYSCALL_ENTRY
{
    uint StackArgsCount: 4;             // number of non-register arguments
    uint NeedsGenericDispatch: 1;       // PspSyscallProviderServiceDispatch[Generic]
    uint Reserved: 3;
    uint PackedOffset: 24;              // real offset = PackedOffset << 4

    operator uint&()                    { return *(uint*)this; }
};


// Up to 0x20 distinct descriptors allowed system-wide.
// Each process bound to one via EPROCESS.SyscallProviderDispatchContext.Slot.
$SVC_DESCRIPTOR PspServiceDescriptorGroupTable[0x20];



// Invoked from nt!KiSystemCall64 when
// (ETHREAD.Tcb.Header.Minimal or ETHREAD.Tcb.Header.AltSyscall)
//
// Return values:
// <1: handled, trapFrame->Rax contains return status
// =1: needs regular syscall dispatch in KiSystemCall64
// >1: raise STATUS_INVALID_SYSTEM_SERVICE
schar PsSyscallProviderDispatch(_Inout_ _KTRAP_FRAME *trapFrame):
    ETHREAD* currentThread = PsGetCurrentThread()
    if currentThread->Tcb.Header.Minimal:
        PsPicoSystemCallDispatch(trapFrame)     // invokes PspPicoProviderRoutines[1]
        return 0

    // notice potential TOCTOU? Hint: NtSetContextThread (most likely unusable)
    uint syscallNumber = trapFrame->Rax & ~0x6000
    uint syscallIndex = syscallNumber & 0xFFF
    bool isHighSyscall = (syscallNumber & 0x1000) != 0
    EPROCESS* currentProcess = IoThreadToProcess(currentThread)
    uint slot = currentProcess->SyscallProviderDispatchContext.Slot
    if slot >= 0x20:
        KeBugCheckEx(0x1E0, 5, slot, currentProcess->SyscallProvider, 0)
    $SVC_DESCRIPTOR& svcDescriptor = PspServiceDescriptorGroupTable[slot]
    $SVC_TABLE* svcTable = isHighSyscall? svcDescriptor.HighTable: svcDescriptor.LowTable
    if not svcTable:
        return 1        // needs regular dispatch
    if syscallIndex >= svcTable->SyscallEntriesCount:
        trapFrame->Rax = STATUS_INVALID_SYSTEM_SERVICE  // 0xC000001C
        return 0
    $SYSCALL_ENTRY syscallEntry = svcTable->SyscallEntry[syscallIndex]
    if syscallEntry == 0:
        return 1        // needs regular dispatch
    if syscallEntry == 1:
        return 2        // raise STATUS_INVALID_SYSTEM_SERVICE

    if isHighSyscall:
        NTSTATUS st = PspEnsureGuiThreadAndBatchFlush(currentThread)
        if st == STATUS_UNSUCCESSFUL:
            // transform status if needed using extra table of bytes beyond packed shadow table
            schar* shadowSyscallInfo = (schar*)KeServiceDescriptorTableShadow[1].Base
                + sizeof(uint) * KeServiceDescriptorTableShadow[1].Limit
            if shadowSyscallInfo[syscallIndex] == 1:
                st = STATUS_INVALID_SYSTEM_SERVICE      // was not intended to be called
        if FAILED(st):
            trapFrame->Rax = st
            return 0

    // unlike regular syscall packed tables, offset here is unsigned; so one can specify
    // driver image base as svcDescriptor.HandlersBase, then use RVAs for handlers
    uint offset = syscallEntry.PackedOffset << 4
    void* syscallHandler = (char*)svcDescriptor.HandlersBase + offset   // function to invoke
    NTSTATUS st = STATUS_SUCCESS
    if syscallEntry.NeedsGenericDispatch:
        int rez = PspSyscallProviderServiceDispatchGeneric(trapFrame, syscallHandler,
            syscallEntry.StackArgsCount, syscallNumber, &st)
        if rez:
            return (schar)rez
    else:
        st = PspSyscallProviderServiceDispatch(trapFrame, syscallHandler,
            syscallEntry.StackArgsCount)
    trapFrame->Rax = st
    return 0