using   CString             = const char*;
using   String              = std::string;

//----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
//                  Template based sprintf replacement
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
class TSException : public std::runtime_error {
public:
    TSException() : std::runtime_error("Typed String format exception") { }
    TSException(CString what)            : std::runtime_error(what) { }
    TSException(String what)             : std::runtime_error(what) { }
    TSException(std::stringstream& what) : std::runtime_error(what.str()) { }
};

//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
inline void TSSprintf(std::stringstream &ss, const char* format)
{
    while (*format != '\0') {
        char fc = *format;
        if (fc == '%' && *(format+1) == '%') format++;
        ss << fc; format++;
    }
}

// - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
#define _TSSPRINTF_QUALIFIERS \
            format++; fc = *format;                                           \
            bool has_width      = false;                                      \
            bool has_precision  = false;                                      \
            bool is_left        = false;                                      \
            bool is_hex         = false;                                      \
            int  width          = 0;                                          \
            int  precision      = 0;                                          \
            if (fc == '-') {                                                  \
                ss << std::setiosflags(std::ios::left);                       \
                format++; fc = *format; is_left = true;                       \
            }                                                                 \
            if (fc == '0') {                                                  \
                ss << std::setfill('0');                                      \
                format++; fc = *format;                                       \
            }                                                                 \
            while (fc >= '0' && fc <= '9') {                                  \
                width = width*10 + (fc-'0');                                  \
                format++; fc = *format;                                       \
                has_width = true;                                             \
            }                                                                 \
            if (fc == '.') {                                                  \
                has_precision = true;                                         \
                format++; fc = *format;                                       \
                while (fc >= '0' && fc <= '9') {                              \
                    precision = precision*10 + (fc-'0');                      \
                    format++; fc = *format;                                   \
                }                                                             \
            }                                                                 \

#define _TSSPRINTF_FORMATS \
            if (fc == 'l') { format++; fc = *format; }                        \
            if (fc == 'l') { format++; fc = *format; }                        \
            if (fc == 'h') { format++; fc = *format; }                        \
            if (fc == 'h') { format++; fc = *format; }                        \
            if (fc == 's') {}                                                 \
            else if (fc == 'i' || fc == 'd' || fc == 'u') {}                  \
            else if (fc == 'p' || fc == 'c') {}                               \
            else if (fc == 'f') {                                             \
                ss << std::fixed << std::setprecision(2);                     \
            }                                                                 \
            else if (fc == 'x') {                                             \
                ss << std::hex << std::nouppercase; is_hex = true;            \
            }                                                                 \
            else if (fc == 'X') {                                             \
                ss << std::hex << std::uppercase; is_hex = true;              \
            }                                                                 \
            else {                                                            \
                std::stringstream es; es << "Unexpected format: '%" << fc     \
                                         << "' in '" << format << "'";        \
                throw TSException(es);                                        \
            }                                                                 \

#define _TSSPRINTF_APPLY_QUALIFIERS \
            if (has_width)     {ss<<std::setw(width); }                       \
            if (has_precision) {ss<<std::setprecision(precision); }           \
            ss << value;                                                      \
            if (is_left)       {ss<<std::setiosflags(std::ios::right); }      \
            if (is_hex)        {ss<<std::dec; }                               \
            if (has_width)     {ss<<std::setfill(' '); }

// - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
template<typename T, typename... Targs>
void TSSprintf(std::stringstream &ss, const char* format, T value, Targs... Fargs)
{
    while (*format != '\0')
    {
        char fc = *format;
        if (fc == '%') {
            if (*(format+1) == '%' || *(format+1) == ' ') {
                fc = '%'; format++;
            }
            else {
                _TSSPRINTF_QUALIFIERS;
                _TSSPRINTF_FORMATS;
                _TSSPRINTF_APPLY_QUALIFIERS;
                TSSprintf(ss, format + 1, Fargs...);
                return;
            }
        }
        ss << fc;
        format++;
    }
}

// - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
template<typename T, typename... Targs>
String TSprintf(const char* format, T value, Targs... Fargs)
{
    std::stringstream ss;
    while (*format != '\0')
    {
        char fc = *format;
        if (fc == '%') {
            if (*(format+1) == '%') {
                fc = '%'; format++;
            }
            else {
                _TSSPRINTF_QUALIFIERS;
                _TSSPRINTF_FORMATS;
                _TSSPRINTF_APPLY_QUALIFIERS;
                TSSprintf(ss, format + 1, Fargs...);
                return ss.str();
            }
        }
        ss << fc;
        format++;
    }
    return ss.str();
}