# GPU Optimization for GameDev

### Graphics Pipeline / GPU Architecture Overview
- 2011 - [A trip through the Graphics Pipeline 2011](https://fgiesen.wordpress.com/2011/07/09/a-trip-through-the-graphics-pipeline-2011-index/)
- 2015 - [Life of a triangle - NVIDIA's logical pipeline](https://developer.nvidia.com/content/life-triangle-nvidias-logical-pipeline)
- 2015 - [Render Hell 2.0](https://simonschreibt.de/gat/renderhell/)
- 2016 - [How bad are small triangles on GPU and why?](http://www.g-truc.net/post-0662.html)
- 2017 - [GPU Performance for Game Artists](http://fragmentbuffer.com/gpu-performance-for-game-artists/)
- 2019 - [Understanding the anatomy of GPUs using Pokémon](https://www.ovh.com/blog/understanding-the-anatomy-of-gpus-using-pokemon/)
- 2020 - [GPU ARCHITECTURE RESOURCES](https://interplayoflight.wordpress.com/2020/05/09/gpu-architecture-resources/)
- 2020 - [All the pipelines - journey through the GPU](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y2KG_4OxDBg)

### By Author

- Emil Persson [@_Humus_](https://twitter.com/_Humus_) 
	- [Blog](http://www.humus.name/)
	- 2013 - [Low-Level Thinking in High-Level Shading Languages](https://www.gdcvault.com/play/1018182/Low-Level-Thinking-in-High)
	- 2014 - [Low-Level Shader Optimization for Next-Gen and DX11](http://www.humus.name/Articles/Persson_LowlevelShaderOptimization.pptx)
	- 2018 - [Rule of optimization](https://twitter.com/_Humus_/status/1011964081069330432)
- Matt Pettineo [@mynameismjp](https://twitter.com/mynameismjp) 
	- [Blog](https://therealmjp.github.io/)
	- 2018 - [Breaking Down Barriers](https://therealmjp.github.io/posts/breaking-down-barriers-part-1-whats-a-barrier/)
	- 2019 - [Half The Precision, Twice The Fun: Working With FP16 In HLSL](https://therealmjp.github.io/posts/shader-fp16/)
	- 2021 - [The Shader Permutation Problem](https://therealmjp.github.io/posts/shader-permutations-part1/)
	- 2022 - [GPU Memory Pools in D3D12](https://therealmjp.github.io/posts/gpu-memory-pool/)
	- 2025 - [To Early-Z, or Not To Early-Z](https://therealmjp.github.io/posts/to-earlyz-or-not-to-earlyz/)
- Louis Bavoil [@louisbavoil](https://twitter.com/louisbavoil)
	- [D3D11 Vendor Hacks](https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1J_HIRVlYK8iI4u6AJrCeb66L5W36UDkd9ExSCku9s_o/edit#gid=0)
	- 2018 - [The Peak-Performance-Percentage Analysis Method for Optimizing Any GPU Workload](https://devblogs.nvidia.com/the-peak-performance-analysis-method-for-optimizing-any-gpu-workload/)
	- 2018 - [Fixing the Hyperdrive: Maximizing Rendering Performance on NVIDIA GPUs (Presented by NVIDIA)](https://www.gdcvault.com/play/1024810/Fixing-the-Hyperdrive-Maximizing-Rendering)
	- 2019 - [Optimizing DX12/DXR GPU Workloads using Nsight Graphics: GPU Trace and the Peak-Performance-Percentage (P3) Method (Presented by NVIDIA)](https://www.gdcvault.com/browse/gdc-19/play/1026202)
	- 2020 - [Optimizing Compute Shaders for L2 Locality using Thread-Group ID Swizzling](https://developer.nvidia.com/blog/optimizing-compute-shaders-for-l2-locality-using-thread-group-id-swizzling/)
	- 2021 - Dana Elifaz - [The Next Level of Optimization Advice with Nsight Graphics: GPU Trace](https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/on-demand/session/gtcspring21-e32683/)
	- 2022 - [Optimizing Ray Tracing GPU Workloads using Nsight Graphics: GPU Trace and Nsight Systems](https://gdcvault.com/play/1027811/Optimizing-Ray-Tracing-GPU-Workloads)
- Rys Sommefeldt [@ryszu](https://twitter.com/ryszu) 
	- [Blog](https://rys.sommefeldt.com/)
	- 2018 - [Understanding GPU context rolls](https://gpuopen.com/understanding-gpu-context-rolls/)
- Michal Drobot [@michaldrobot](https://twitter.com/michaldrobot) 
	- [Blog](https://michaldrobot.com/)
	- 2014 - [Low Level Optimizations for GCN – Digital Dragons 2014](https://michaldrobot.com/2014/05/12/low-level-optimizations-for-gcn-digital-dragons-2014-slides/)  - [Video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bmy3Tt3Ottc)
	- 2014 - [GCN Execution Patterns in Full Screen Passes](https://michaldrobot.com/2014/04/01/gcn-execution-patterns-in-full-screen-passes/)
	- 2014 - [ShaderFastLibs](https://github.com/michaldrobot/ShaderFastLibs)
- Kostas Anagnostou [@KostasAAA](https://twitter.com/KostasAAA) 
	- [Blog](https://interplayoflight.wordpress.com/)
	- 2018 - [DD2018: Kostas Anagnostou - Experiments in GPU occlusion culling](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U20dIA3SLTs)
	- 2020 - [GPU architecture resources](https://interplayoflight.wordpress.com/2020/05/09/gpu-architecture-resources/)
	- 2020 - [GPU architecture resources (twitter thread)](https://twitter.com/KostasAAA/status/1259153226043179011)
	- 2020 - [What is shader occupancy and why do we care about it?](https://interplayoflight.wordpress.com/2020/11/11/what-is-shader-occupancy-and-why-do-we-care-about-it/)
	- 2020 - [To z-prepass or not to z-prepass](https://interplayoflight.wordpress.com/2020/12/21/to-z-prepass-or-not-to-z-prepass/)
	- 2022 - [Shader tips and tricks](https://interplayoflight.wordpress.com/2022/01/22/shader-tips-and-tricks/)
	- 2023 - [Low-level thinking in high-level shading languages 2023](https://interplayoflight.wordpress.com/2023/12/29/low-level-thinking-in-high-level-shading-languages-2023/)
	- 2025 - [The hidden cost of shader instructions](https://interplayoflight.wordpress.com/2025/01/19/the-hidden-cost-of-shader-instructions/)
	- 2025 - [Async compute all the things](https://interplayoflight.wordpress.com/2025/05/27/async-compute-all-the-things/)
- Matthäus G. Chajdas [@NIV_Anteru](https://twitter.com/niv_anteru) 
	- [Blog](https://anteru.net/)
	- 2018 - [Introduction to compute shaders](https://anteru.net/blog/2018/intro-to-compute-shaders/)
	- 2018 - [More compute shaders](https://anteru.net/blog/2018/more-compute-shaders/)
	- 2018 - [Even more compute shaders](https://anteru.net/blog/2018/even-more-compute-shaders/)
- Matthijs De Smedt [@anji_nl](https://twitter.com/anji_nl)
	- 2016 - [PC GPU Performance Hot Spots](https://developer.nvidia.com/pc-gpu-performance-hot-spots)
- Maurizio Cerrato [@speedwago](https://twitter.com/speedwago)
	- 2019 - [GPU Architectures](https://drive.google.com/file/d/12ahbqGXNfY3V-1Gj5cvne2AH4BFWZHGD/view)
- Sebastian Aaltonen [@SebAaltonen](https://twitter.com/SebAaltonen) 
	- 2017 - [Optimizing GPU occupancy and resource usage with large thread groups](https://gpuopen.com/learn/optimizing-gpu-occupancy-resource-usage-large-thread-groups/)
	- 2018 - [DD2018: Sebastian Aaltonen - GPU based clay simulation and ray tracing tech in Claybook](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xpf7Ua3UqOA)
	- 2018 - [This is how I managed to port Claybook from consoles to ~4x slower handheld](https://threadreaderapp.com/thread/1076765876148490240.html)
- Layla Mah [@MissQuickstep](https://twitter.com/missquickstep)
	- 2013 - [The AMD GCN Architecture - A Crash Course](https://www.slideshare.net/DevCentralAMD/gs4106-the-amd-gcn-architecture-a-crash-course-by-layla-mah)
	- 2013 - [Powering the Next Generation of Graphics: The AMD GCN Architecture](https://www.gdcvault.com/play/1019294/Powering-the-Next-Generation-of)
- Sven Andersson [@andsve](https://twitter.com/andsve)
	- [Blog](http://svenandersson.se/)
	- 2014 - [Real-time Rendering Blogs](http://svenandersson.se/2014/realtime-rendering-blogs.html)
- Fabian Giesen [@rygorous](https://twitter.com/rygorous)
	- [Blog](https://fgiesen.wordpress.com/)
	- 2010 - [Finish your derivations, please](https://fgiesen.wordpress.com/2010/10/21/finish-your-derivations-please/)
	- 2011 - [A trip through the Graphics Pipeline 2011](https://fgiesen.wordpress.com/2011/07/09/a-trip-through-the-graphics-pipeline-2011-index/)
- Timothy Lottes [@NOTimothyLottes](https://twitter.com/NOTimothyLottes)
	- 2016 - [Understanding Memory Coalescing on GCN](https://gpuopen.com/gcn-memory-coalescing/)
	- 2017 - [ADVANCED SHADER PROGRAMMING ON GCN](https://gpuopen.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/GDC2017-Advanced-Shader-Programming-On-GCN.pdf)
	- 2018 - [Engine Optimization Hot Lap](https://slideplayer.com/slide/17173687/)
	- 2024 - [Fixing The GPU](https://docs.google.com/document/d/1MyvFNjbaJl62v_RJ3oWhGIsUIOY74XYlcqlYHbZQriM)
- Robert Menzel [@renderpipeline](https://twitter.com/renderpipeline)
	- [Blog](https://web.archive.org/web/20220307175030/http://renderingpipeline.com/)
	- 2012 - [Low-Level GPU Documentation](https://web.archive.org/web/20160305145630/http://renderingpipeline.com/graphics-literature/low-level-gpu-documentation/)
- RasterGrid [@rastergrid](https://twitter.com/rastergrid)
	- [Blog](https://rastergrid.com/blog/)
	- 2021 - [Understanding GPU caches](https://rastergrid.com/blog/gpu-tech/2021/01/understanding-gpu-caches/)
- Adam Sawicki [@Reg__](https://twitter.com/Reg__)
	- [Blog](https://asawicki.info/)
	- 2020 - [A Better Way to Scalarize a Shader](https://asawicki.info/news_1735_a_better_way_to_scalarize_a_shader)
	- 2021 - [Efficient Use of GPU Memory in Modern Games](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ML0YC77bSOc)
- Matías N. Goldberg [@matiasgoldberg](https://twitter.com/matiasgoldberg)
	- [Blog](https://www.yosoygames.com.ar/wp/)
	- 2020 - [A little clarification on modern shader compile times](https://www.yosoygames.com.ar/wp/2020/08/a-little-clarification-on-modern-shader-compile-times/#tc-comment-title)
	- 2022 - [The road to 16-bit floats GPU is paved with our blood](https://www.yosoygames.com.ar/wp/2022/01/the-road-to-16-bit-floats-gpu-is-paved-with-our-blood/)
- Francesco Cifariello Ciardi [@FCifaCiar](https://twitter.com/FCifaCiar)
	- [Blog](https://flashypixels.wordpress.com/)
	- 2018 - [INTRO TO GPU SCALARIZATION](https://flashypixels.wordpress.com/2018/11/10/intro-to-gpu-scalarization-part-1/)
- Sébastien Lagarde [@SebLagarde](https://twitter.com/seblagarde)
	- [Blog](https://seblagarde.wordpress.com/)
	- 2014 - [Inverse trigonometric functions GPU optimization for AMD GCN architecture](https://seblagarde.wordpress.com/2014/12/01/inverse-trigonometric-functions-gpu-optimization-for-amd-gcn-architecture/)
- Bart Wronski [@BartWronsk](https://twitter.com/BartWronsk)
	- [Blog](https://bartwronski.com/)
	- 2014 - [GCN – two ways of latency hiding and wave occupancy](https://bartwronski.com/2014/03/27/gcn-two-ways-of-latency-hiding-and-wave-occupancy/)
	- 2021 - [Is this a branch?](https://bartwronski.com/2021/01/18/is-this-a-branch/)
- Elizabeth Baumel [@Icetigris](https://twitter.com/icetigris)
	- 2016 - [Tightening Up the Graphics: Tools and Techniques for Debugging and Optimization](https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1LQUMIld4SGoQVthnhT1scoA3k4Sg0as14G4NeSiSgFU/)
- Anton Schreiner [@antonschrein](https://twitter.com/antonschrein)
	- [Blog](https://aschrein.github.io/)
	- 2019 - [What's up with my branch on GPU?](https://aschrein.github.io/jekyll/update/2019/06/13/whatsup-with-my-branches-on-gpu.html)
- Jendrik Illner [@jendrikillner](https://twitter.com/jendrikillner)
	- [Blog](https://www.jendrikillner.com/)
	- [Graphics Programming Weekly Article Database](https://www.jendrikillner.com/article_database/) Not specifically on optimization. Have a search bar.
- Hans-Kristian [@Themaister](https://twitter.com/Themaister)
	- [Blog](https://themaister.net/blog/)
	- 2024 - [Modernizing Granite’s mesh rendering](https://themaister.net/blog/2024/01/17/modernizing-granites-mesh-rendering/)
- Graham Wihlidal [@gwihlidal](https://twitter.com/gwihlidal)
	- [Blog](https://www.wihlidal.com/blog/)
	- 2016 - [Optimizing the Graphics Pipeline With Compute](https://www.gdcvault.com/play/1023109/Optimizing-the-Graphics-Pipeline-With)
- Alexandre Sabourin [@AlexSneezeKing](https://mastodon.gamedev.place/@AlexSneezeKing)
	- [Blog](https://github.com/AlexSabourinDev/cranberry_blog/tree/master)
	- 2024 - [Harnessing Wave Intrinsics For Good (And Evil)](https://github.com/AlexSabourinDev/cranberry_blog/blob/master/HarnessingWaveIntrinsicsForGoodAndEvil.pdf) [Video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U6t33RLa0XM)
- Chips and Cheese [@chipsandcheese9](https://x.com/chipsandcheese9)
	- [Blog](https://chipsandcheese.com/)
	- RDNA4
		- 2025 - [AMD's RDNA4 Architecture (Video)](https://chipsandcheese.com/p/amds-rdna4-architecture-video)
		- 2025 - [RDNA 4's "Out-of-Order" Memory Accesses](https://chipsandcheese.com/p/rdna-4s-out-of-order-memory-accesses)
		- 2025 - [Dynamic Register Allocation on AMD's RDNA 4 GPU Architecture](https://chipsandcheese.com/p/dynamic-register-allocation-on-amds)
		- 2025 - [RDNA 4’s Raytracing Improvements](https://chipsandcheese.com/p/rdna-4s-raytracing-improvements)

### By Organization

- AMD
	- [GPU Open](https://gpuopen.com/)
		- [Events Presentations](https://gpuopen.com/events/)
		- [AMD GPU architecture programming documentation (Instruction Set Architecture)](https://gpuopen.com/amd-gpu-architecture-programming-documentation/)
			- [Reading AMD GPU ISA](https://rocm.blogs.amd.com/software-tools-optimization/amdgcn-isa/README.html)
			- [Machine-readable ISA documentation](https://gpuopen.com/machine-readable-isa/)
		- 2014 - [Vertex Shader Tricks](https://www.slideshare.net/DevCentralAMD/vertex-shader-tricks-bill-bilodeau)
		- 2016 - [Getting the Most Out of Delta Color Compression](https://gpuopen.com/learn/dcc-overview/)
		- 2016 - [Leveraging asynchronous queues for concurrent execution](https://gpuopen.com/concurrent-execution-asynchronous-queues/)
		- 2016 - [AMD GCN Assembly: Cross-Lane Operations](https://gpuopen.com/learn/amd-gcn-assembly-cross-lane-operations/)
		- 2017 - [Wave Programming in D3D12 and Vulkan](https://gpuopen.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/GDC2017-Wave-Programming-D3D12-Vulkan.pdf)
		- 2017 - [D3D12 and Vulkan Done Right](https://gpuopen.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/GDC2017-D3D12-And-Vulkan-Done-Right.pdf)
		- 2017 - [Deep Dive: Asynchronous Compute](https://gpuopen.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/GDC2017-Asynchronous-Compute-Deep-Dive.pdf)
		- 2018 - [Optimize your engine using compute @ 4C Prague 2018](https://gpuopen.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/4C-Prague-Compute-Shaders.pptx) | [(Youtube)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0DLOJPSxJEg)
		- 2018 - [Optimization with Radeon GPU Profiler - A Vulkan Case Study](https://gpuopen.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Optimization-with-Radeon-GPU-Profiler.pptx)
		- 2019 - [DirectX 12 Optimization Techniques in Capcom’s RE ENGINE](https://gpuopen.com/gdc-presentations/2019/gdc-2019-s4-optimization-techniques-re2-dmc5.pdf)
		- 2019 - [A BLEND OF GCN OPTIMIZATION AND COLOR PROCESSING](https://gpuopen.com/gdc-presentations/2019/gdc-2019-s5-blend-of-gcn-optimization-and-color-processing.pdf)
		- 2019 - [AMD GPU Performance Revealed](https://gpuopen.com/gdc-presentations/2019/gdc-2019-s6-gpu-performance-revealed.pdf)
		- 2019 - [Triangles Are Precious](https://gpuopen.com/presentations/2019/nordic-game-2019-triangles-are-precious.pdf)
		- 2020 - [Let’s build](https://gpuopen.com/lets-build/)
			- [Optimizing for the Radeon™ RDNA Architecture](https://gpuopen.com/wp-content/uploads/slides/GPUOpen_Let%E2%80%99sBuild2020_Optimizing%20for%20the%20Radeon%20RDNA%20Architecture.pdf) [Video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7eEKLUhoTQs)
			- [From Source to ISA: A Trip Down the Shader Compiler Pipeline](https://gpuopen.com/wp-content/uploads/slides/GPUOpen_Let%E2%80%99sBuild2020_A%20Trip%20Down%20the%20GPU%20Compiler%20Pipeline.pdf) [Video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ilAL-1-moA)
		- 2020 - [CONCURRENCY MODEL IN EXPLICIT GRAPHICS APIS](https://gpuopen.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/GPUOpen_Concurrency_vTUM.pdf)
		- 2021 - [Understanding Graphs in Radeon GPU Profiler and GPUView](https://gpuopen.com/learn/understanding-graphs-in-radeon-gpu-profiler-and-gpuview/)
		- 2022 - [Let's talk about (GPU) crashes](https://gpuopen.com/presentations/2022/Reboot%20Blue%202022%20-%20Lets%20talk%20about%20GPU%20crashes.pdf)
		- 2022 - [Compute Shaders @ GIC](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eDLilzy2mq0)
		- 2023 - [Occupancy explained](https://gpuopen.com/learn/occupancy-explained/)
		- 2024 - [Occupancy explained through Insert picture the AMD RDNA architecture](https://gpuopen.com/presentations/2024/GPC24_Occupancy_explained.pdf)
		- 2024 - [Mesh shaders: optimization and best practices](https://gpuopen.com/learn/mesh_shaders/mesh_shaders-optimization_and_best_practices/)
	- GCN
		- 2013 - [GCN3 Instruction Set Architecture](http://developer.amd.com/wordpress/media/2013/12/AMD_GCN3_Instruction_Set_Architecture_rev1.1.pdf)
		- 2019 - [AMD GCN ISA: a first dive](https://giordi91.github.io/post/vegaisa/)
		- 2020 - [Understanding AMD GPU ISA](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1O9yTRZgsCFODH9II_PsC_6chROYduSPT/view) [Video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HYrs_TGWgz4)
	- RDNA
		- 2019 - [INTRODUCING RDNA ARCHITECTURE](https://web.archive.org/web/20240306074306/https://www.amd.com/system/files/documents/rdna-whitepaper.pdf)
		- 2019 - [RDNA Architecture](https://gpuopen.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/RDNA_Architecture_public.pdf)
		- 2020 - ["RDNA 1.0" Instruction Set Architecture](https://developer.amd.com/wp-content/resources/RDNA_Shader_ISA.pdf)
		- 2020 - ["RDNA 2" Instruction Set Architecture](https://developer.amd.com/wp-content/resources/RDNA2_Shader_ISA_November2020.pdf)
		- 2022 - ["RDNA3" Instruction Set Architecture](https://www.amd.com/content/dam/amd/en/documents/radeon-tech-docs/instruction-set-architectures/rdna3-shader-instruction-set-architecture-feb-2023_0.pdf)
		- 2024 - ["RDNA3.5" Instruction Set Architecture](https://www.amd.com/content/dam/amd/en/documents/radeon-tech-docs/instruction-set-architectures/rdna35_instruction_set_architecture.pdf)
		- 2025 - ["RDNA4" Instruction Set Architecture](https://www.amd.com/content/dam/amd/en/documents/radeon-tech-docs/instruction-set-architectures/rdna4-instruction-set-architecture.pdf)
		- [RDNA Performance Guide](https://gpuopen.com/learn/rdna-performance-guide/)
	- OpenCL
		- 2013 - [AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing OpenCL Programming Guide](https://web.archive.org/web/20220426031939/http://developer.amd.com/wordpress/media/2013/07/AMD_Accelerated_Parallel_Processing_OpenCL_Programming_Guide-rev-2.7.pdf)
	- Radeon GPU Analyzer / Radeon Raytracing Analyzer
		- 2017 - [Live VGPR Analysis with Radeon™ GPU Analyzer](https://gpuopen.com/learn/live-vgpr-analysis-radeon-gpu-analyzer/)
		- 2019 - [USING RADEON™ GPU ANALYZER WITH DIRECTX®12 GRAPHICS](https://gpuopen.com/learn/radeon-gpu-analyzer-2-3-direct3d-12-graphics/)
		- 2019 - [USING RADEON™ GPU ANALYZER WITH DIRECT3D®12 COMPUTE](https://gpuopen.com/learn/radeon-gpu-analyzer-2-2-direct3d12-compute/)
		- 2022 - [Visualizing VGPR Pressure with Radeon™ GPU Analyzer 2.6](https://gpuopen.com/learn/visualizing-vgpr-pressure-with-rga-2-6/)
		- 2022 - [Improving raytracing performance with the Radeon™ Raytracing Analyzer (RRA)](https://gpuopen.com/learn/improving-rt-perf-with-rra/)
	- Driver Stack
		- [ROCm™ Blogs](https://rocm.blogs.amd.com/)
		- [User Mode Driver for Vulkan (AMDVLK) by AMD](https://github.com/GPUOpen-Drivers/AMDVLK) 
			- [Vulkan API Layer (XGL)](https://github.com/GPUOpen-Drivers/xgl)
			- [LLVM-Based Pipeline Compiler (LLPC)](https://github.com/GPUOpen-Drivers/llpc#llvm-based-pipeline-compiler-llpc)
			- [Platform Abstraction Library (PAL)](https://github.com/GPUOpen-Drivers/pal)
		- [User Mode Driver for Vulkan (RADV) by Mesa](https://docs.mesa3d.org/drivers/radv.html) 
		- [Kernel Mode Driver by Linux, libdrm_amdgpu](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/tree/master/drivers/gpu/drm/amd)
		- [Micro engine scheduler (MES) firmware](https://gpuopen.com/download/documentation/micro_engine_scheduler.pdf)
- Nvidia
	- [Developer Blog](https://developer.nvidia.com/blog) and Talks
		- [Advanced API Performance](https://developer.nvidia.com/blog/tag/advanced-api-performance/) on various topics
		- 2012 - [GPU Performance Analysis and Optimization](http://on-demand.gputechconf.com/gtc/2012/presentations/S0514-GTC2012-GPU-Performance-Analysis.pdf)
		- 2015 - [Constant Buffers without Constant Pain](https://developer.nvidia.com/content/constant-buffers-without-constant-pain-0)
		- 2016 - [Practical DirectX 12](https://developer.nvidia.com/sites/default/files/akamai/gameworks/blog/GDC16/GDC16_gthomas_adunn_Practical_DX12.pdf)
		- 2016 - [Reading Between The Threads: Shader Intrinsics](https://developer.nvidia.com/reading-between-threads-shader-intrinsics)
		- 2016 - [DX12 Do's And Don'ts](https://developer.nvidia.com/dx12-dos-and-donts)
		- 2016 - [High-Performance, Low-Overhead Rendering with OpenGL and Vulkan](https://www.gdcvault.com/play/1023516/High-performance-Low-Overhead-Rendering)
		- 2019 - [Tips and Tricks: Ray Tracing Best Practices](https://developer.nvidia.com/blog/rtx-best-practices/)
		- 2020 - [Optimizing Graphics Applications using Nsight Systems and Nsight Graphics](https://developer.nvidia.com/siggraph/2020/video/sigg01)
		- 2020 - [RTX Ray Tracing Best Practices](https://www.gdcvault.com/play/1026721/RTX-Ray-Tracing-Best-Practices)
		- 2021 - [Advanced API Performance](https://developer.nvidia.com/blog/tag/advanced-api-performance/)
		- 2022 - [Best Practices for Using NVIDIA RTX Ray Tracing (Updated)](https://developer.nvidia.com/blog/best-practices-for-using-nvidia-rtx-ray-tracing-updated/)
		- 2023 - [Practical Tips for Optimizing Ray Tracing](https://developer.nvidia.com/blog/practical-tips-for-optimizing-ray-tracing/)
		- 2023 - [Avoiding Stalls and Hitches in DirectX 12](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f0a9mN4HQCI)
		- 2023 - [How to Improve Shader Performance by Resolving LDC Divergence](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HSsPJ4qK6AU)
		- 2024 - [Shader Debugging Made Easy with NVIDIA Nsight Graphics](https://developer.nvidia.com/blog/shader-debugging-made-easy-with-nvidia-nsight-graphics/)
	- Pascal
		- 2016 - [NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1080 Whitepaper](http://international.download.nvidia.com/geforce-com/international/pdfs/GeForce_GTX_1080_Whitepaper_FINAL.pdf)
		- 2023 - [Tuning CUDA Applications for Pascal](https://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/pascal-tuning-guide/index.html)
	- Turing
		- 2018 - [NVIDIA Turing Architecture In-Depth](https://devblogs.nvidia.com/nvidia-turing-architecture-in-depth/)
		- 2018 - [NVIDIA TURING GPU ARCHITECTURE](https://images.nvidia.com/aem-dam/en-zz/Solutions/design-visualization/technologies/turing-architecture/NVIDIA-Turing-Architecture-Whitepaper.pdf)
		- 2023 - [Tuning CUDA Applications for Turing](https://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/turing-compatibility-guide/index.html)
	- Ampere
		- 2020 - [NVIDIA AMPERE GA102 GPU ARCHITECTURE](https://images.nvidia.com/aem-dam/en-zz/Solutions/geforce/ampere/pdf/NVIDIA-ampere-GA102-GPU-Architecture-Whitepaper-V1.pdf)
		- 2023 - [Tuning CUDA Applications for NVIDIA Ampere GPU Architecture](https://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/ampere-tuning-guide/index.html)
	- Ada
		- 2022 - [NVIDIA ADA GPU ARCHITECTURE](https://images.nvidia.com/aem-dam/Solutions/geforce/ada/nvidia-ada-gpu-architecture.pdf)
		- 2022 - [SHADER EXECUTION REORDERING](https://developer.nvidia.com/sites/default/files/akamai/gameworks/ser-whitepaper.pdf)
		- 2023 - [Tuning CUDA Applications for NVIDIA Ada GPU Architecture](https://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/ada-tuning-guide/index.html)
	- Blackwell
		- 2025 - [NVIDIA RTX BLACKWELL GPU ARCHITECTURE](https://images.nvidia.com/aem-dam/Solutions/geforce/blackwell/nvidia-rtx-blackwell-gpu-architecture.pdf)
	- CUDA
		- 2014 - [CUDA Pro Tip: Optimized Filtering with Warp-Aggregated Atomics](https://devblogs.nvidia.com/cuda-pro-tip-optimized-filtering-warp-aggregated-atomics/)
		- 2017 - [CUDA kernel-level experiments in NVIDIA Nsight](https://docs.nvidia.com/nsight-visual-studio-edition/5.3/Content/Analysis/Report/CudaExperiments/Kernel_Level_Experiments.htm) on Issue Efficiency, Memory Statistics, Pipe Utilization, etc.
	- Driver Stack
		- [User Mode Driver for Vulkan (NVK) by Mesa](https://docs.mesa3d.org/drivers/nvk.html) 
		- [Kernel Mode Driver by Linux (Nouveau)](https://github.com/torvalds/linux/tree/master/drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau) 
		- [Kernel Mode Driver by Nvidia](https://github.com/NVIDIA/open-gpu-kernel-modules)
		- [Documentation of NVIDIA chip/hardware interfaces (open-gpu-doc)](https://github.com/nvidia/open-gpu-doc) 
	- Misc
		- [Pack/Unpack shader utility in donut](https://github.com/NVIDIAGameWorks/donut/blob/main/include/donut/shaders/packing.hlsli)
- Apple
	- [Metal Shading Language Specification](https://developer.apple.com/metal/Metal-Shading-Language-Specification.pdf)
	- 2016 - [Advanced Metal Shader Optimization](https://developer.apple.com/videos/play/wwdc2016/606/)
	- 2023 - [Explore GPU advancements in M3 and A17 Pro](https://developer.apple.com/videos/play/tech-talks/111375)
	- 2023 - [Learn performance best practices for Metal shaders](https://developer.apple.com/videos/play/tech-talks/111373)
- Intel
	- [# Intel® Game Dev](https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/developer/topic-technology/gamedev/overview.html)
	- 2015 - [Intel® Processor Graphics: Architecture & Programming](https://doc.lagout.org/electronics/Intel-Graphics-Architecture-ISA-and-microarchitecture.pdf)
	- 2024 - [Intel® Graphics Performance Analyzers User Guide](https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/docs/gpa/user-guide/2024-3/overview.html)
- Arm
	- [Introducing the Arm architecture](https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102404/0201)
	- [Arm GPU Best Practices Developer Guide](https://developer.arm.com/documentation/101897/0301)
	- [Principles of High Performance](https://developer.arm.com/solutions/graphics/developer-guides/principles-of-high-performance)
	- [Accelerating 2D Applications](https://developer.arm.com/solutions/graphics/developer-guides/accelerating-2d-applications)
- Microsoft
	- [DirectX-Specs](https://microsoft.github.io/DirectX-Specs/)
	- 2019 - [New in D3D12 – background shader optimizations](https://devblogs.microsoft.com/directx/background-shader-optimizations/)
- Khronos Group
	- [Vulkan Documentation](https://docs.vulkan.org/spec/latest/index.html) - [Github](https://github.com/KhronosGroup/Vulkan-Samples)
		- [Performance samples](https://docs.vulkan.org/samples/latest/samples/performance/README.html) - [Github](https://github.com/KhronosGroup/Vulkan-Samples/tree/main/samples/performance)
	- 2019 - [Optimising a AAA Vulkan Title on Desktop](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hc_i6X3qU08)
	- 2020 - [Vulkan Ray Tracing Best Practices for Hybrid Rendering](https://www.khronos.org/blog/vulkan-ray-tracing-best-practices-for-hybrid-rendering)
- GDC
	- [Advanced Graphics Summit](https://gdcvault.com/search.php#&category=free&firstfocus=&keyword=advanced+graphics%2Bsummit) Not specifically on optimization
- Digital Dragon
	- [Video](https://www.youtube.com/@DigitalDragonsForGamedev/playlists) Not specifically on optimization
- Graphics Programming Conference
	- [Video](https://www.youtube.com/@GraphicsProgrammingConference) Not specifically on optimization
- (JP) CEDEC
	- 2016 - [GPU最適化入門](https://www.slideshare.net/ssuser2e676d/gpu-65502505) 
		- (Book) [マンガとイラストでわかる! GPU最適化入門](https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AC%E3%81%A8%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%81%A7%E3%82%8F%E3%81%8B%E3%82%8B-GPU%E6%9C%80%E9%81%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%85%A5%E9%96%80-%E5%B0%8F%E5%8F%A3-%E8%B2%B4%E5%BC%98/dp/4862465048)
- SIGGRAPH
	- [Advances in Real-Time Rendering in Games](https://advances.realtimerendering.com/) Not specifically on optimization
	- 2009 - [From Shader Code to a Teraflop: How Shader Cores Work](https://web.archive.org/web/20181008131455/http://s09.idav.ucdavis.edu/talks/02_kayvonf_gpuArchTalk09.pdf)
	- 2020 - [LOW-LEVEL OPTIMIZATIONS IN THE LAST OF US PART II](https://www.naughtydog.com/blog/naughty_dog_at_siggraph_2020)
- CMU
	- 2017 - [Parallel Computer Architecture and Programming](https://web.archive.org/web/20240720165805/http://15418.courses.cs.cmu.edu/spring2017/home)
	- 2017 - [Parallel Computer Architecture and Programming Tsinghua ver.](https://web.archive.org/web/20240720165807/http://15418.courses.cs.cmu.edu/tsinghua2017/home) - [Video](https://www.youtube.com/@csyonghe/videos)

### Game Graphics Study
- [Graphics Studies Compilation](http://www.adriancourreges.com/blog/2020/12/29/graphics-studies-compilation/)

### GPU Crash Debugging
- 2018 - [Aftermath: Advances in GPU Crash Debugging](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VaGcs5-W6S4)
- 2020 - (JP) [Device Removal の処方箋](https://cedil.cesa.or.jp/cedil_sessions/view/2258), [補足資料](https://shikihuiku.github.io/post/cedec2020_prescriptions_for_deviceremoval/)
- 2023 - [GPU Crash Debugging in Unreal Engine: Tools, Techniques, and Best Practices | Unreal Fest 2023](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CyrGLMmVUAI)

### GPU Database
- [GPU Specs Database by techpowerup](https://www.techpowerup.com/gpu-specs/)
- [GPU database by Matthäus G. Chajdas](https://db.thegpu.guru/)
- [GPUInfo by Sascha Willems](https://www.gpuinfo.org/) For Vulkan, OpenGL, OpenGL ES
- [D3d12infoDB by Dmytro Bulatov](https://d3d12infodb.boolka.dev/index.html) Database based on D3d12info in Tools section below
	- [Feature Table](https://d3d12infodb.boolka.dev/FeatureTable.html)
- (JP) [GPU Spec Database by HYPERでんち](https://dench.flatlib.jp/start#hardware)

### Tools
- Online Shader Compiler
	- [Compiler Explorer (godbolt)](https://godbolt.org/)  Support DXC, AMD RGA
	- [Shader Playground](http://shader-playground.timjones.io/) Support DXC, FXC, glslang, hlsl2glsl, hlslparser, IntelShaderAnalyzer, AMD RGA, slang, XShaderCompiler
- Microsoft
	- [GPUView](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/display/using-gpuview)
	- [PIX](https://devblogs.microsoft.com/pix/introduction/)
		- [Adding performance​ instrumentation for PIX APIs](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ICM56FI97Ts)
	- [DRED](https://devblogs.microsoft.com/directx/dred/), [D3DDred.js](https://github.com/Microsoft/DirectX-Debugging-Tools)
- Nvidia 
	- [NVIDIA Developer Tools](https://developer.nvidia.com/tools-overview)
	- [NVIDIA Nsight Graphics](https://developer.nvidia.com/nsight-graphics)
	- [NVIDIA Nsight Systems](https://developer.nvidia.com/nsight-systems)
	- [NVIDIA Nsight Aftermath SDK](https://developer.nvidia.com/nsight-aftermath)
- AMD
	- [Radeon Developer Tool Suite](https://gpuopen.com/introducing-radeon-developer-tool-suite/)
		- [Radeon GPU Profiler (RGP)](https://gpuopen.com/rgp/) Low-level optimization tool
		- [Radeon Memory Visualizer (RMV)](https://gpuopen.com/rmv/)
		- [Radeon Developer Panel (RDP)](https://gpuopen.com/rdp/) 
			- [Driver Experiments](https://gpuopen.com/learn/rdts-driver-experiments/) Low-level control of the AMD Adrenalin driver
		- [Radeon GPU Analyzer (RGA)](https://gpuopen.com/rga/) Offline compiler and performance analysis tool
		- [Radeon Raytracing Analyzer (RRA)](https://gpuopen.com/radeon-raytracing-analyzer/)
		- [Radeon GPU Detective (RGD)](https://gpuopen.com/radeon-gpu-detective/) Post-mortem analysis of GPU crashes
			- 2024 - [Post-Mortem GPU Crash Analysis With AMD Radeon GPU Detective (RGD)](https://gpuopen.com/gdc-presentations/2024/GDC2024_Radeon_GPU_Detective.pdf)
		- 2024 - [Game Optimization with The Radeon Developer Tool Suite](https://gpuopen.com/gdc-presentations/2024/GDC2024_Game_Optimization_with_The_Radeon_Developer_Tool_Suite.pdf)
	- [GPU Reshape](https://gpuopen.com/gpu-reshape/) On-the-fly instrumentation of GPU operations with instruction level validation of potentially undefined behavior
		- 2024 - [Introducing GPU Reshape](https://gpuopen.com/gdc-presentations/2024/GDC2024_Shader_Instrumentation_with_GPU_Reshape.pdf) - [Video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qPNh7WrfFvc)
- Intel
	- [Intel Graphics Performance Analyzers](https://software.intel.com/content/www/us/en/develop/tools/graphics-performance-analyzers.html)
- Other related tools
	- [RenderDoc](https://renderdoc.org/) Graphics debugger that allows quick and easy single-frame capture and detailed introspection
	- [APITrace](https://apitrace.github.io/) Trace OpenGL, Direct3D, and DirectDraw APIs calls to a file and replay
	- [PerfTest](https://github.com/sebbbi/perftest) A simple GPU shader memory operation performance test tool. Results on a wide range of GPUs are already available
	- [D3d12info by Adam Sawicki](https://github.com/sawickiap/D3d12info) Get GPU information through DXGI and Direct3D 12 (D3D12) + AMD AGS, NVAPI, WinAPI, and some other sources

Thanks JoseEmilio-ARM for ARM part.