Using the `ms-outlook` schema you are able to launch Outlook programmatically.
Since I couldn't find any clear documentation on how to use this schema I decompiled the apk of version 4.2212.2.

Here is a simple form of documentation:

`actions.xml` shows that the app accepts the following urls (prepended with `ms-outlook://`): 

- `*empty string*`
- `emails`
- `emails/inbox`
  These options open the email page on the tab last used.
- `emails/inbox/focused`
- `emails/inbox/other`
  These options open the email page on the corresponding tab (focused or other).  
- `emails/new{?to,name,body,type}`
  This opens the page for writing a new calendar event. Params `to`, `name` and `body` are optional and explain themselves.
- `events/new{?title,description}`
  This opens the page for writing a new calendar event. Params `title` and `description` are optional and explain themselves.
- `events/view{?action=[next,agenda,day,month]}`
  This opens the calendar page. `action` param is optional and can be `next`/`agenda`, `day`, `month` which will set the how the overview is displayed. 
  (I couldn't find the action corresponding to the 3-day view easily, but I assume there is one)
- `search{?querytext}`
  This opens the search page. `queryText` param is optional
- `pme{?action}`
  I assume this is for Outlooks "Play My Email" function but I couldn't get this one to work.
  
***Note: If the app is displaying an email while one of these first five urls is used, it does not navigate to that page.***
This does not happen while displaying a calendar event. Seems like this might be unintentional.