Darkflib · August 5, 2025 21:59 · Aug 5, 2025
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+Below is a **step‑by‑step guide** for using **Firebase Authentication** from Python.  
+I’ll cover two typical scenarios:
+
+| Scenario | What you’ll do in Python | Which library you’ll use |
+|----------|--------------------------|--------------------------|
+| **Client‑side (desktop / script)** – sign‑up, sign‑in, password reset, etc. | Use the Firebase **REST API** (wrapped in the community library **Pyrebase**). | `pyrebase` (or `pyrebase4`) |
+| **Server‑side (backend, admin tasks)** – verify ID tokens, create custom tokens, manage users. | Use the **Firebase Admin SDK** (official). | `firebase-admin` |
+
+Both can coexist in the same project – the client library talks to Firebase as a regular user, the admin SDK talks as a privileged service account.
+
+---
+
+## 1️⃣ Prerequisites
+
+| Item | Why you need it | How to get it |
+|------|----------------|---------------|
+| **Firebase project** | All auth calls are scoped to a project. | Create one at https://console.firebase.google.com |
+| **Enable auth providers** (Email/Password, Google, etc.) | Determines what users can use to sign in. | In **Authentication → Sign‑in method**. |
+| **Service‑account JSON** (for admin SDK) | Gives your Python backend privileged access. | **Project Settings → Service accounts → Generate new private key**. |
+| **Python ≥ 3.8** | Modern syntax, `asyncio` support, etc. | Install from python.org or your package manager. |
+| **Virtual environment** (optional but recommended) | Keeps dependencies isolated. | `python -m venv venv && source venv/bin/activate` |
+
+---
+
+## 2️⃣ Installing the Libraries
+
+```bash
+# (inside your virtual env)
+pip install pyrebase4      # community wrapper around the Firebase REST API
+pip install firebase-admin # official admin SDK
+pip install Flask          # optional – for a web backend demo
+```
+
+> **Tip:** `pyrebase4` is a maintained fork of the original `pyrebase`. If you hit a bug, try the latest fork.
+
+---
+
+## 3️⃣ Client‑Side Auth with *Pyrebase*
+
+### 3.1 Initialize Pyrebase
+
+Create a **`firebase_config.py`** (or load from env vars – never commit secrets).
+
+```python
+# firebase_config.py
+import os
+import json
+
+# You can copy the config object from the Firebase console → Project Settings → General → "Your apps"
+FIREBASE_CONFIG = {
+    "apiKey": os.getenv("FIREBASE_API_KEY"),
+    "authDomain": os.getenv("FIREBASE_AUTH_DOMAIN"),
+    "databaseURL": os.getenv("FIREBASE_DATABASE_URL"),
+    "projectId": os.getenv("FIREBASE_PROJECT_ID"),
+    "storageBucket": os.getenv("FIREBASE_STORAGE_BUCKET"),
+    "messagingSenderId": os.getenv("FIREBASE_MESSAGING_SENDER_ID"),
+    "appId": os.getenv("FIREBASE_APP_ID")
+}
+```
+
+```python
+# client.py
+import pyrebase
+from firebase_config import FIREBASE_CONFIG
+
+firebase = pyrebase.initialize_app(FIREBASE_CONFIG)
+auth = firebase.auth()
+```
+
+### 3.2 Email/Password Sign‑up & Sign‑in
+
+```python
+def signup(email: str, password: str):
+    try:
+        user = auth.create_user_with_email_and_password(email, password)
+        print("✅ User created:", user["localId"])
+        # Optionally send a verification email
+        auth.send_email_verification(user['idToken'])
+        return user
+    except Exception as e:
+        # Pyrebase throws a generic Exception; unpack the JSON for details.
+        err = json.loads(e.args[1])
+        print("❌ Sign‑up error:", err["error"]["message"])
+        return None
+
+
+def signin(email: str, password: str):
+    try:
+        user = auth.sign_in_with_email_and_password(email, password)
+        # `user` dict has:
+        #   idToken (JWT for the user, valid ~1h)
+        #   refreshToken (to get a new idToken)
+        #   localId (UID)
+        print("✅ Signed in! UID:", user["localId"])
+        return user
+    except Exception as e:
+        err = json.loads(e.args[1])
+        print("❌ Sign‑in error:", err["error"]["message"])
+        return None
+```
+
+### 3.3 Password Reset & Email Verification
+
+```python
+def send_password_reset(email: str):
+    try:
+        auth.send_password_reset_email(email)
+        print("✅ Password‑reset email sent")
+    except Exception as e:
+        err = json.loads(e.args[1])
+        print("❌ Reset error:", err["error"]["message"])
+
+
+def resend_verification(email: str, password: str):
+    # Must sign‑in to get a fresh idToken, then call send_email_verification
+    user = signin(email, password)
+    if user:
+        auth.send_email_verification(user['idToken'])
+        print("✅ Verification email re‑sent")
+```
+
+### 3.4 Refreshing the ID Token
+
+ID tokens expire after ~1 hour. Use the *refresh token* to get a fresh one without prompting the user again:
+
+```python
+def refresh_id_token(refresh_token: str):
+    try:
+        refreshed = auth.refresh(refresh_token)
+        # refreshed["idToken"] is the new JWT
+        # refreshed["userId"] is the UID
+        return refreshed
+    except Exception as e:
+        print("❌ Refresh error:", e)
+        return None
+```
+
+### 3.5 Using the Token to Call a Protected API
+
+When you have an `idToken`, pass it in an `Authorization: Bearer <token>` header to your backend:
+
+```python
+import requests
+
+def call_protected_endpoint(user):
+    id_token = user["idToken"]
+    headers = {"Authorization": f"Bearer {id_token}"}
+    resp = requests.get("https://my‑api.example.com/profile", headers=headers)
+    print("Server response:", resp.json())
+```
+
+---
+
+## 4️⃣ Server‑Side Auth with *firebase‑admin*
+
+The Admin SDK lets you **verify** the ID token sent by the client, **create** users/custom tokens, **manage** accounts, and **set custom claims** (roles).
+
+### 4.1 Initialize the Admin SDK
+
+```python
+# admin_init.py
+import firebase_admin
+from firebase_admin import credentials, auth
+
+# Option 1: set env var GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS="/path/to/key.json"
+# Option 2: load explicitly (preferred for testability)
+cred = credentials.Certificate("path/to/serviceAccountKey.json")
+firebase_admin.initialize_app(cred)
+```
+
+> **Important:** *Never* ship the service‑account key with a client‑side app. Keep it on a server‑side environment only.
+
+### 4.2 Verifying an ID Token (Flask Example)
+
+```python
+# server.py
+from flask import Flask, request, jsonify
+import firebase_admin
+from firebase_admin import auth as admin_auth
+from admin_init import *   # ensures firebase_admin is initialized
+
+app = Flask(__name__)
+
+def verify_token(id_token):
+    try:
+        decoded_token = admin_auth.verify_id_token(id_token)
+        # `uid` is the Firebase UID
+        return decoded_token
+    except firebase_admin.exceptions.FirebaseError as e:
+        # Token invalid, expired, revoked, etc.
+        print("❌ Token verification failed:", e)
+        return None
+
+@app.route("/profile")
+def profile():
+    auth_header = request.headers.get("Authorization", "")
+    if not auth_header.startswith("Bearer "):
+        return jsonify({"error": "Missing Bearer token"}), 401
+    id_token = auth_header.split("Bearer ")[1]
+    decoded = verify_token(id_token)
+    if not decoded:
+        return jsonify({"error": "Invalid token"}), 401
+    uid = decoded["uid"]
+    # Example: Pull additional data from Firestore/RealtimeDB
+    return jsonify({
+        "uid": uid,
+        "email": decoded.get("email"),
+        "name": decoded.get("name"),
+        "customClaims": decoded.get("firebase", {}).get("sign_in_attributes")
+    })
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    app.run(debug=True, port=5000)
+```
+
+**What’s happening?**
+
+1. Client (Pyrebase) signs in → receives `idToken`.
+2. Client includes the token in `Authorization: Bearer …`.
+3. Flask endpoint extracts the token and calls `admin_auth.verify_id_token`.
+4. If verification succeeds, you get a dict with `uid`, `email`, `name`, and any **custom claims** you set.
+
+### 4.3 Creating a User (Admin)
+
+```python
+def create_user(email: str, password: str, display_name: str = None):
+    try:
+        user = admin_auth.create_user(
+            email=email,
+            password=password,
+            display_name=display_name,
+            email_verified=False,
+        )
+        print("✅ Created user:", user.uid)
+        return user
+    except firebase_admin.exceptions.FirebaseError as e:
+        print("❌ Could not create user:", e)
+        return None
+```
+
+> **Use case:** When you need to provision accounts programmatically (e.g., admin portal, migration from legacy DB).
+
+### 4.4 Generating a Custom Token (for OAuth‑like flows)
+
+Suppose you have your own identity provider (e.g., LDAP) and want to let users sign into Firebase using that credential. The server generates a **custom token**, which the client then exchanges for an `idToken` via the client SDK.
+
+```python
+def generate_custom_token(uid: str, additional_claims: dict = None) -> str:
+    """
+    Args:
+        uid: The UID you want the user to have in Firebase.
+        additional_claims: Optional dict with custom claims (e.g., roles).
+    Returns:
+        A signed JWT (custom token) that can be handed to the client.
+    """
+    try:
+        token = admin_auth.create_custom_token(uid, additional_claims)
+        # `token` is a bytes object; decode for transport
+        return token.decode('utf-8')
+    except firebase_admin.exceptions.FirebaseError as e:
+        print("❌ Custom token error:", e)
+        raise
+```
+
+**Client side (Pyrebase) to exchange the custom token:**
+
+```python
+def sign_in_with_custom_token(custom_token: str):
+    # Pyrebase has a thin wrapper called sign_in_with_custom_token
+    user = auth.sign_in_with_custom_token(custom_token)
+    print("✅ Signed in with custom token, UID:", user["localId"])
+    return user
+```
+
+### 4.5 Setting & Verifying Custom Claims (Roles)
+
+```python
+def set_user_role(uid: str, role: str):
+    # Role can be anything: 'admin', 'editor', 'beta_tester', …
+    admin_auth.set_custom_user_claims(uid, {"role": role})
+    print(f"✅ Set role={role} for uid={uid}")
+
+def get_user_role(uid: str) -> str:
+    user = admin_auth.get_user(uid)
+    return user.custom_claims.get('role') if user.custom_claims else None
+```
+
+When you later verify an ID token, those claims appear in the decoded token:
+
+```python
+decoded = admin_auth.verify_id_token(id_token)
+role = decoded.get('role')  # <-- note: top‑level, not under `firebase`
+```
+
+Now you can do **RBAC** in your Flask middlewares:
+
+```python
+def admin_required(f):
+    @wraps(f)
+    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+        token = request.headers.get('Authorization', '').split('Bearer ')[-1]
+        decoded = verify_token(token)
+        if not decoded or decoded.get('role') != 'admin':
+            return jsonify({"error": "admin required"}), 403
+        return f(*args, **kwargs)
+    return wrapper
+
+@app.route("/admin/dashboard")
+@admin_required
+def admin_dashboard():
+    return jsonify({"msg": "Welcome, admin!"})
+```
+
+---
+
+## 5️⃣ Testing Locally with the **Firebase Authentication Emulator**
+
+Running against production every time is slow and can be risky. Firebase provides an **Authentication Emulator** that behaves exactly like the real service (including email/password, custom tokens, etc.) but does not send real emails.
+
+### 5️⃣ Setup
+
+```bash
+# Install the emulator suite (requires Node.js)
+npm install -g firebase-tools
+# Initialize the emulator config (once)
+firebase init emulators
+# When prompted, enable the Auth emulator and choose a port (e.g., 9099)
+```
+
+### 5️⃣ Running
+
+```bash
+firebase emulators:start --only auth
+```
+
+You’ll see console output confirming the Auth emulator is listening (default: `http://localhost:9099`).
+
+### 5️⃣ Pointing Pyrebase & Admin SDK at the Emulator
+
+**Pyrebase (client):** Override the `authDomain` & `apiKey` with dummy values— they aren’t used for the emulator, but the SDK still expects them.
+
+```python
+# In firebase_config.py (development)
+FIREBASE_CONFIG = {
+    "apiKey": "fake-api-key",
+    "authDomain": "localhost",
+    "databaseURL": "http://localhost:9000",
+    "projectId": "my-emulated-project",
+    # The below are not required for auth, but keep them for completeness
+    "storageBucket": "",
+    "messagingSenderId": "",
+    "appId": "fake-app-id"
+}
+```
+
+**Admin SDK (server):** Set the `FIREBASE_AUTH_EMULATOR_HOST` environment variable.
+
+```bash
+export FIREBASE_AUTH_EMULATOR_HOST="localhost:9099"
+```
+
+Now all admin calls (e.g., `create_user`, `verify_id_token`) hit the emulator instead of production. This is perfect for CI/tests.
+
+---
+
+## 6️⃣ Common Pitfalls & Best Practices
+
+| Pitfall | Why it happens | How to avoid / fix |
+|--------|----------------|--------------------|
+| **Storing the `idToken` forever** | Tokens expire after ~1 h. Using an expired token yields `401` errors. | Store **both** `idToken` and `refreshToken`. Refresh automatically (`auth.refresh(refresh_token)`) before the token expires (e.g., check remaining time via `jwt.decode(id_token, options={"verify_signature": False})['exp']`). |
+| **Hard‑coding service‑account JSON** in source control | Accidentally exposing privileged credentials. | Keep the JSON file out of Git (`.gitignore`) and load via environment variable (`GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS`) or secrets manager (AWS Secrets Manager, GCP Secret Manager). |
+| **Mixing up Auth vs. Database rules** | Assuming Firestore rules are enough for security. | Use **Firebase Security Rules** for each product (Firestore, Realtime DB, Storage) **and** verify ID tokens on server if you have additional backend logic. |
+| **Relying on Pyrebase for social sign‑in** | Pyrebase only wraps the email/password flow; Google/Facebook sign‑in need the Web SDK or native SDKs. | For social providers, either (a) perform sign‑in on the client (Web, Android, iOS) and send the resulting `idToken` to your Python backend, **or** (b) generate a custom token on the server after you have verified the external provider’s token. |
+| **Custom claim size limit (1000 bytes)** | Adding too much data leads to `INVALID_ARGUMENT` errors. | Store only **essential** data (role, tier). For richer profile data, keep it in Firestore and reference it by UID. |
+| **Not handling token revocation** | Revoked users can still access APIs until the token expires. | Call `admin_auth.revoke_refresh_tokens(uid)` when you want to force logout, and on the backend check the `auth_time` claim vs. `revoked_at` (`admin_auth.get_user(uid).tokens_valid_after_timestamp`). |
+
+### Logging & Monitoring
+
+* Use **Google Cloud Logging** (via the `google-cloud-logging` library) for critical auth events (sign‑in, token revocation).  
+* Set up **Firebase Alerts** in the console to be notified about unusual spikes (e.g., many failed sign‑ins).
+
+---
+
+## 7️⃣ Full Minimal Working Example
+
+Below is a self‑contained script that:
+
+1. **Creates** a test user (admin SDK).  
+2. **Signs in** with Pyrebase (client).  
+3. **Calls** a Flask endpoint with the `idToken`.  
+4. **Verifies** the token (admin SDK) and returns the UID.
+
+```python
+# ---------------------------------------------------
+# config.py – keep secrets out of version control
+# ---------------------------------------------------
+import os
+
+# Set these in your environment or a .env file (use python-dotenv to load)
+FIREBASE_API_KEY = os.getenv("FIREBASE_API_KEY")
+FIREBASE_PROJECT_ID = os.getenv("FIREBASE_PROJECT_ID")
+SERVICE_ACCOUNT_PATH = os.getenv("GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS")  # path to JSON
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------
+# admin.py – initialize Admin SDK
+# ---------------------------------------------------
+import firebase_admin
+from firebase_admin import credentials, auth as admin_auth
+
+cred = credentials.Certificate(SERVICE_ACCOUNT_PATH)
+firebase_admin.initialize_app(cred)
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------
+# client.py – Pyrebase wrapper
+# ---------------------------------------------------
+import pyrebase
+from config import FIREBASE_API_KEY, FIREBASE_PROJECT_ID
+
+pyre_cfg = {
+    "apiKey": FIREBASE_API_KEY,
+    "authDomain": f"{FIREBASE_PROJECT_ID}.firebaseapp.com",
+    "databaseURL": f"https://{FIREBASE_PROJECT_ID}.firebaseio.com",
+    "projectId": FIREBASE_PROJECT_ID,
+    "storageBucket": f"{FIREBASE_PROJECT_ID}.appspot.com",
+    "messagingSenderId": "1234567890",
+    "appId": "1:1234567890:web:abcdef123456"
+}
+firebase = pyrebase.initialize_app(pyre_cfg)
+auth = firebase.auth()
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------
+# server.py – Flask backend
+# ---------------------------------------------------
+from flask import Flask, request, jsonify
+from admin import admin_auth
+import firebase_admin.exceptions
+
+app = Flask(__name__)
+
+def verify_id(id_token):
+    try:
+        return admin_auth.verify_id_token(id_token)
+    except firebase_admin.exceptions.FirebaseError as exc:
+        print("⚠️ Token verify error:", exc)
+        return None
+
+@app.route("/whoami")
+def whoami():
+    header = request.headers.get("Authorization", "")
+    if not header.startswith("Bearer "):
+        return jsonify({"error": "Missing Bearer"}), 401
+    token = header.split("Bearer ")[1]
+    decoded = verify_id(token)
+    if not decoded:
+        return jsonify({"error": "Invalid token"}), 401
+    return jsonify({
+        "uid": decoded["uid"],
+        "email": decoded.get("email"),
+        "claims": decoded.get("role")  # example custom claim
+    })
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------
+# demo.py – Orchestrates everything
+# ---------------------------------------------------
+import time
+from client import auth
+from admin import admin_auth
+import requests
+
+TEST_EMAIL = "[email protected]"
+TEST_PASSWORD = "SuperSecret123!"
+
+# 1️⃣ Ensure the test user exists
+try:
+    admin_auth.get_user_by_email(TEST_EMAIL)
+    print("🔎 User already exists")
+except firebase_admin.exceptions.NotFoundError:
+    admin_auth.create_user(email=TEST_EMAIL, password=TEST_PASSWORD)
+    print("✅ Created test user")
+
+# 2️⃣ Sign in with Pyrebase
+user = auth.sign_in_with_email_and_password(TEST_EMAIL, TEST_PASSWORD)
+print("🔑 Received idToken (expires in ~1h)")
+
+# 3️⃣ Call Flask backend (run Flask in a separate terminal or thread)
+# For demo we start it in a background thread.
+import threading
+
+def run_flask():
+    app.run(port=5005, debug=False)
+
+flask_thread = threading.Thread(target=run_flask, daemon=True)
+flask_thread.start()
+time.sleep(1)  # give Flask a moment to start
+
+# 4️⃣ Make an authorized request
+headers = {"Authorization": f"Bearer {user['idToken']}"}
+resp = requests.get("http://127.0.0.1:5005/whoami", headers=headers)
+print("✅ Backend response:", resp.json())
+```
+
+**Run it:**
+
+```bash
+# 1. Set environment variables (or export via .env)
+export FIREBASE_API_KEY="AIzaSy...."
+export FIREBASE_PROJECT_ID="my-firebase-project"
+export GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS="/path/to/serviceAccountKey.json"
+
+# 2. Install dependencies if you haven’t yet
+pip install pyrebase4 firebase-admin Flask python-dotenv requests
+
+# 3. Execute
+python demo.py
+```
+
+You should see the user created (or already existing), a successful sign‑in, and a JSON response from the Flask endpoint that includes the UID and email.
+
+---
+
+## 8️⃣ Going Further
+
+| Feature | How to add it in Python |
+|---------|------------------------|
+| **Phone‑Number auth** | Use the **Firebase Auth REST API** directly (Pyrebase does not expose it). Look at `POST https://identitytoolkit.googleapis.com/v1/accounts:sendVerificationCode` and then `accounts:signInWithPhoneNumber`. |
+| **OAuth (Google, Facebook, Apple)** | Perform the OAuth flow on a client (web or mobile) to obtain a Google/Facebook ID token, then call `admin_auth.create_custom_token(uid, ...)` and send that custom token to the Python client for sign‑in. |
+| **Multi‑factor authentication (MFA)** | Currently only the client SDKs (Web/Android/iOS) have first‑class support. In Python you can still verify the 2FA `idToken` the same way. |
+| **User import/export** | Use `admin_auth.import_users` and `admin_auth.list_users`. Good for migration from a legacy DB. |
+| **Email templates customization** | Configure in the console or via the **Firebase Management API** (`projects.accounts.templates`). Not required for simple use cases. |
+| **Testing with PyTest** | Mock `auth`/`admin_auth` calls with `unittest.mock` or spin up the emulator in CI (`firebase emulators:exec`). |
+
+---
+
+## TL;DR Checklist
+
+1. **Create a Firebase project** → enable required sign‑in providers.  
+2. **Add a service‑account JSON** → keep it safe, load with `firebase_admin`.  
+3. **Client side** (`pyrebase`):  
+   * `auth.create_user_with_email_and_password` → sign‑up  
+   * `auth.sign_in_with_email_and_password` → get `idToken`/`refreshToken`  
+   * Refresh token when needed.  
+4. **Server side** (`firebase-admin`):  
+   * `admin_auth.verify_id_token(id_token)` → trust user identity.  
+   * `admin_auth.create_custom_token(uid, claims)` → integrate external auth.  
+   * `admin_auth.set_custom_user_claims(uid, {"role": "admin"})` → RBAC.  
+5. **Protect your API** → `Authorization: Bearer <idToken>` + token verification.  
+6. **Use the Auth Emulator** for local development.  
+7. **Never ship service‑account keys**; rotate them regularly.  
+
+You now have everything you need to **authenticate users, protect endpoints, manage accounts, and integrate custom authentication flows** from Python using Firebase. Happy coding! 🚀