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================================================================================ |
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Terminal hotkeys =============================================================== |
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Ctrl+U # cut all before cursor |
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Ctrl+K # cut all after cursor |
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Ctrl+W # cut word before cursor |
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Ctrl+Y # paste |
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Ctrl+L # clear screen |
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Ctrl+S # freeze output |
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Ctrl+Q # unfreeze |
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Ctrl+C # SIGINT - interrupt current task |
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Ctrl+Z # SIGTSTP - pause current task |
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Ctrl+D # EOF, exit |
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================================================================================ |
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FHS ============================================================================ |
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/boot/ # boot loaders |
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vmlinuz-x.x.x-x |
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grub/grub.conf |
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/dev/ # essential devices |
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/proc/ # virtual filesystem providing info about processes and kernel info |
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/mnt/ # temporarily mounted filesystems |
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/media/ # mount points for removable media |
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/bin/ # essential command binaries available for single user mode |
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/sbin/ # same for root |
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/lib/ # libraries for /bin and /sbin |
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/opt/ # optional software packages |
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/etc/ # system-wide configs |
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init.d/ # init scripts and daemons |
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rc # do runlevel changes (run rcN.d/ scripts) |
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rcN.d/ # init scripts running at certain runlevel N (links to init.d/) |
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# 0 - shutdown |
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# 1 - single user mode |
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# 2 - multiuser, no network |
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# 3 - multiuser, with network |
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# 5 - multiuser, GUI |
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# 6 - reboot |
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crontab |
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cron.d/ |
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fstab # filesystems table |
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hostname |
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hosts |
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network/ |
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interfaces |
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resolv.conf |
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passwd # list of users |
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shadow # passwords |
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group # list of groups |
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gshadow # group passwords |
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sudoers |
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skel/ # default user's configs |
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apt/ |
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sources.list |
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/usr/ # secondary hierarchy for readonly files (unix system resources) |
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bin/ |
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sbin/ |
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lib/ |
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include/ |
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local/ # tertiary hierarchy for local data specific to this host |
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/tmp/ # temp files (usually removed on reboot (see $TMPTIME env var)) |
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/var/ # variable files (logs, spool files, emails, etc.) |
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cache/ |
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tmp/ # temp files to be preserved between reboots |
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lib/ # state information, e.g. databases |
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mail/ |
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lock/ |
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run/ |
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spool/ |
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cron/crontabs/ # users' crontabs |
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log/ |
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dmesg |
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kern.log |
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daemon.log |
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auth.log |
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messages |
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syslog |
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/root/ # root's home directory |
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/home/ # users' home directories |
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================================================================================ |
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Package management ============================================================= |
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dpkg # debian package manager |
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-i $deb_file # install |
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-r $package # remove package |
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--purge $package # remove package and its dependencies |
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-s # print package status details |
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apt-get # APT package handling utility |
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update # update index |
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upgrade # install newest versions of all packages |
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install $package # install package |
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-f # attempt to fix broken dependencies |
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remove $package |
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purge $package |
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-y # automatic "yes" to prompts |
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apt-cache |
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show $package # print package records |
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search $regex # search package in index |
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================================================================================ |
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Bash basics ==================================================================== |
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# Bash is a dialect of Shell. |
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# To make file an executable bash script: |
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# 1. Add at first line shebang ("#!") with path to bash interpreter: |
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#!/bin/bash |
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# or: |
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#!/bin/bash args |
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# or: |
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#!/bin/sh # for posix shell compatible scripts |
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# 2. Set executable permission for file |
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# comment |
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; # statements delimeter |
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# 0 - success exit code. |
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# true (or :) is NOP command that always returns 0. |
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# false - command that always returns 1. |
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# Bash has no types. Any command is a string. |
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# Command and arguments separates by whitespaces. |
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# Command becomes meaningful because how it uses. |
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# Ex: |
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echo "-n abc" # "-n abc\n" |
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echo -n abc # "abc" |
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echo -n `abc` # command not found |
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\ # escape specchar. also uses to escape newline. |
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"some_val" # escape most of specchars in expression. Exclude "$", "`", "\". |
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'some_val' # escape all specchars. Exclude only "'". |
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================================================================================ |
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Statements groups ============================================================== |
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{ statement1; statement2; ...; } # statements group |
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# Group interpretes as one command and returns output, so can be used |
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# for IO redirection. |
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# Ex: |
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{ |
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expr1 |
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expr2 |
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} > dir/file |
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( statement1; statement2; ...; ) # statements group |
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# Executes in a subshell (child process). Has local scope, so vars |
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# will not be available in parent scope. |
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$( command1; command2; ...; ) # command substitution |
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# Executes commands and substitutes result. |
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# Ex: |
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a=$( |
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echo "List of files:" |
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ls -l |
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) |
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echo "$a" # quoted to save whitespaces |
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command1 && command2 # reduced logical AND by exitcode |
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command1 || command2 # OR |
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{$val1,$val2} # variants substitution |
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{$m..$n} # by range |
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# Command will be interpreted as command with list of arguments |
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# provided by {...}. |
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# Could not contain unescaped spaces! |
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# Ex: |
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v=2 |
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mkdir ./d{"1"," $v", " 3 "} |
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# same as `mkdir "./d1" "./d 2" "./d 3 "` |
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(( expr1, expr2, ... )) # arithmetic expressions group |
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$(( expr1, expr2, ... )) # arith expr substitution (returns result of last) |
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# Ex: |
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echo $(( a = 1 + 1, b = 6 / 2 )) # 3 |
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echo $a # 2 |
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================================================================================ |
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Variables ====================================================================== |
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# (!) Always quote variable substitution! |
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varname=some_value # put|set value |
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# Without spaces! |
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$varname # substitution of value |
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${varname} # same |
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${varname:-default} # value if defined and not empty, default otherwise |
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${#varname} # length |
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${varname:offset:length} # substring |
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${varname/pattern/str} # replace first match by str |
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${varname//pattern/str} # replace all matches by str |
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${varname#pattern} # delete shortest match |
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${varname##pattern} # delete longest match |
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${varname%pattern} # delete shortest match from end |
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${varname%%pattern} # delete longest match from end |
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unset varname # delete variable |
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================================================================================ |
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Arrays ========================================================================= |
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arr=() # new empty array |
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arr=($val1 $val2 ...) # create and fill |
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declare -A arr=([$key]=$val1 ...) # associative array |
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arr[$key]=$value # put|set value |
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arr+=($value) # append value |
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${arr[$key]} # get item by index|key |
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${#arr[@]} # get length |
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${arr[*]} # join values. Uses IFS as delimeter. |
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${!arr[*]} # join indexes|keys |
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${arr[@]} # iterate by values |
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${!arr[@]} # iterate by indexes|keys |
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# Ex: |
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files=(./*.txt) # get filenames by glob pattern |
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# Iterate: |
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for val in "${arr[@]}"; do # remember to quote! |
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echo "$val" |
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done |
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seq $end # generate sequence of numbers [1; $end] |
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seq $start $end # [$start; $end] |
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seq $start $step $end # [$start; $end] with step $step |
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================================================================================ |
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Control statements ============================================================= |
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if command; then |
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... |
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elif command; then |
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... |
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else |
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... |
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fi |
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case $str in |
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pattern1) command1 ;; |
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pattern2) command2 ;; |
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... |
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*) commandDefault ;; |
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esac |
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while command; do |
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... |
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done |
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# Ex: |
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cancel= # false |
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n=0 |
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# repeat every 5 seconds until cancelled: |
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while [ ! $cancel ] && sleep 5; do |
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(( n++ )) |
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echo "iter $n" |
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[ $n -ge 5 ] && cancel=true |
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done |
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until command; do |
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... |
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done |
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for item in $range; do |
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... |
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done |
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# Ex: |
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for v in "one" "two" "three"; do |
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echo "$v" |
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done |
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for (( init; check; step; )); do |
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... |
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done |
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select selected in item1 item2 ...; do |
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# will ask user to select item |
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# uses PS3 as prompt |
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# selected variable will contain selected item value or "" |
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# REPLY will contain number of selected item (from 1) |
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... |
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break # will ask again without break |
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done |
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# Cancel loop: |
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break |
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# Cancel current iteration: |
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continue |
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================================================================================ |
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Test command =================================================================== |
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[ expr ] # test command. Unix-shell-compatible. |
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# [] operators: |
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-e $path # is exists |
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-s $path # is file exists and not empty |
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-f $path # is file |
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-d $path # is dir |
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-h $path # is symlink |
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-r|-w|-x $path # is readable|writable|executable |
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-t $fd # is file descriptor opened on a terminal |
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# e.g. [ -t 0 ] - true if it's an interactive shell |
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-z $str # is string empty |
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-n $str # not empty |
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$str1 = $str2 |
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$str1 != $str2 |
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$str1 \< $str2 # ascii sorting |
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$str \> $str2 |
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! expr # NOT |
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expr1 -a expr2 # AND (not reduced) |
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expr1 -o expr2 # OR (not reduced) |
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$num1 -eq $num2 # is numbers are equal |
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$num1 -ne $num2 # not equal |
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$num1 -lt $num2 # less than |
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$num1 -le $num2 # less or equal |
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$num1 -gt $num2 # greater than |
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$num1 -ge $num2 # greater or equal |
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# Ex: |
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if [ $a = "a" ]; then ... |
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[[ expr ]] # test keyword. It's more powerful but not shell-compatible. |
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# [[]] operators (additional to []): |
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$str1 = glob_pattern # dont quote! |
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$str1 != glob_pattern |
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$str1 =~ regex_pattern # dont quote! |
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$str1 < $str2 # ascii sorting |
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$str > $str2 |
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expr1 && expr2 # AND (reduced) |
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expr1 || expr2 # OR (reduced) |
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( expr ) # group to change precedence |
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================================================================================ |
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Regex ========================================================================== |
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# Glob |
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# Glob can be used to match string or filenames. |
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# There spec characters: |
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* # any number of any chars (exclude "/" when matching filenames) |
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** # any dir|file and its subdirs (recursive *) |
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? # any single char |
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[a-z] # single char from range |
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[^a-z] # inversed |
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# Glob pattern implicitly anchored from start to end of line. |
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# Ex: |
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ls -l ~/*.txt # list all txt files in home dir |
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rm -r ./* # remove all files and dirs from cwd |
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if [[ filename = *.png ]]; then ... |
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# Extended glob |
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# To enable it: `shopt -s extglob` |
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# Also supports: |
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?(pattern1|pattern2|...) # zero or one occurence |
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*(pattern1|pattern2|...) # zero or more |
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+(pattern1|pattern2|...) # one or more |
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@(pattern1|pattern2|...) # one |
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!(pattern1|pattern2|...) # inverse |
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# Ex: |
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ls !(*.jpg|*.gif) |
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# Regex in test command |
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# Since bash3.0 supports =~ operator for [[]] keyword. |
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# It matches string from left side by regex from right side and |
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# returns 0 (matched), 1 (not matched) or 2 (incorrect pattern syntax). |
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# Ex: |
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if [[ some =~ ([a-z]{2})([a-z]{2}) ]]; then |
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echo ${BASH_REMATCH[0]} # "some" |
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echo ${BASH_REMATCH[2]} # "me" |
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fi |
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# Basic regex (BRE dialect) |
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^ # beginnig of line |
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$ # end of line |
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. # any char |
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[a-z] # single char from range |
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[^a-z] # inversed |
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<abc> # word (space-separated sequence) |
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* # zero or more occurences |
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# Extended regex (ERE dialect) |
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# additionally to BRE it supports: |
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+ # one or more occurences |
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? # zero or one occurence |
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{n} # n occurences of previous char or group |
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{n,} # n or more occurences |
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{n,m} # from n to m [n; m] occurences |
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| # logical OR |
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() # grouping |
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# (!) Do not quote glob or regex. |
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================================================================================ |
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Functions ====================================================================== |
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function func_name() { # declare function |
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# func body |
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echo $1 # first argument |
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} |
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func_name # invoke |
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func_name $arg1 $arg2 ... # invoke with arguments |
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unset func_name # delete function |
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# Inside function are available: |
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$FUNCNAME |
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$1, $2, ... # arguments |
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$# # number of args |
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local varname=$value # define local variable |
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# By default all variables defined inside function are available |
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# in caller's scope and can overwrite existing vars. |
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return $n # return from function |
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# Function can return only number, it's like an exitcode. |
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================================================================================ |
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Script ========================================================================= |
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$0 # command|script name |
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$1, $2, ..., ${10}, ... # arguments |
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# Ex: |
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sn=`basename $0` |
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echo "Script name: $sn" |
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$# # number of arguments |
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$@ # all arguments as string (separated by IFS) |
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# Ex: |
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args=("$@") # args as array |
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IFS="," |
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echo "${args[*]}" # print args separated by "," |
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unset IFS |
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shift $n # shift arguments list to left (exclude $0) |
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# n = 1 by default |
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set $arg1 $arg2 ... # set command line arguments |
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getopts $format arg # parse one command line argument (invoke in while |
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# to get all args) |
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# format - string like "a:bc:" |
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# ":" after key means that value required for this key |
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# arg - variable that will contain key |
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# to get value - OPTARG variable |
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# Ex: |
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while getopts "ad:" arg; do |
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case $arg in |
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a) a=true ;; |
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d) |
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if [ -d "$OPTARG" ]; then |
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dir=$OPTARG |
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fi ;; |
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esac |
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done |
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exit $code # quit script with exitcode [0-255]. 0 means normal exit. |
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$? # stores exitcode returned by last command |
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trap 'command1; command2; ...' $signal # trap incoming signals |
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trap - $signal # restore trap to default |
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trap # print traps list |
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# It can be used to perform cleanup. |
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# where signal: |
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HUP |
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INT |
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QUIT |
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TERM |
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EXIT |
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# Ex: |
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trap 'rm -f tmpfile' EXIT |
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exec $path # run external program. Process will be replaced |
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source $path # run script in the current environment (like an import) |
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. $path # same |
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eval $cmd ... # concat and evaluate given command, return its exit code |
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set -x # enable debug mode |
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set +x # disable debug mode |
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================================================================================ |
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Environment variables ========================================================== |
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export VARNAME=<value> # export env var to child processes |
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# Predefined global env vars: |
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BASH_VERSION # string describing the version |
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HOSTNAME # hostname of your computer |
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PPID # PID of the parent process |
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PWD # current working directory |
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RANDOM # random number between 0 and 32767 (new on each expanding) |
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UID # ID number of the current user |
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COLUMNS # width of terminal in characters |
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LINES # height of terminal in characters |
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HOME # current user's home directory |
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PATH # colon-separated list of paths |
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PS1 # string that describes the format of shell prompt |
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TMPDIR # directory that is used to store temporary files |
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IFS # args separator (' \t\n' by default) |
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# To set env vars need to add|change it in: |
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# global: |
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/etc/environment |
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# login shell: |
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/etc/profile |
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~/.profile |
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# nonlogin shell: |
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/etc/bashrc |
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~/.bashrc |
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# interactive shell: |
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/etc/profile |
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~/.profile |
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~/.bashrc |
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# noninteractive shell: |
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/etc/bashrc |
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================================================================================ |
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History ======================================================================== |
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|
|
history N # print list of N last commands |
|
|
|
|
|
!N # run command number N |
|
|
!-N # -N'th command |
|
|
!xyz # last command beginning with 'xyz' |
|
|
!xyz:p # print instead of run |
|
|
|
|
|
!! # last command |
|
|
!$ # last word|argument of last command |
|
|
!* # arguments of last command |
|
|
|
|
|
^a^b # replace 'a' to 'b' in last command and run |
|
|
|
|
|
# precede command by the space to prevent saving in history |
|
|
|
|
|
================================================================================ |
|
|
Processes ====================================================================== |
|
|
|
|
|
some_command & # run command in background |
|
|
|
|
|
$! # stores PID of recently started background task |
|
|
# Ex: |
|
|
( sleep 10; ) & p=$! # run and save pid |
|
|
kill -INT $p |
|
|
|
|
|
bg $pid # switch paused task to background and resume it |
|
|
# $pid - PID or %task_number |
|
|
fg $pid # switch task to foreground |
|
|
jobs # list of background tasks |
|
|
top # live task manager |
|
|
-d $sec # update interval (10 seconds by default) |
|
|
|
|
|
$$ # PID of current process |
|
|
|
|
|
ps # list processes |
|
|
# options: |
|
|
-A # all |
|
|
u # user-oriented format |
|
|
a # all with TTY, include other users |
|
|
x # all without TTY |
|
|
r # only running |
|
|
-t $tty # by TTY |
|
|
-p $pid # by PID |
|
|
-u $user # by user id or name |
|
|
|
|
|
# Ex: |
|
|
ps uaxf | grep "glob_to_filter" |
|
|
|
|
|
kill signal $pid # send signal to process |
|
|
# where signal: |
|
|
-1 # SIGHUP |
|
|
-2 # SIGINT |
|
|
-3 # SIGQUIT |
|
|
-15 # SIGTERM (default) |
|
|
-9 # SIGKILL |
|
|
# $pid - PID or %task_number |
|
|
killall $name # kill process by name |
|
|
-s $signal |
|
|
-i # interactive |
|
|
|
|
|
sleep $n # put current process to sleep for $n seconds |
|
|
|
|
|
================================================================================ |
|
|
IO ============================================================================= |
|
|
|
|
|
echo $value # print line to stdout |
|
|
# options: |
|
|
-n # without ending newline |
|
|
-e # enable escape-sequences |
|
|
-E # supress escape-sequences |
|
|
|
|
|
exec N< $file # create|replace file descriptor N |
|
|
|
|
|
read varname # read line from stdin and put to variable |
|
|
# options: |
|
|
-p $prompt # show prompt |
|
|
-s # hide input |
|
|
-r # dont allow backslash escaping |
|
|
-a # split to array |
|
|
-d $char # specify delimeter char |
|
|
-t $sec # timeout |
|
|
-n $n # read max n chars if delimeter not received before |
|
|
-N $n # read exactly n chars. Ignore delimeter. |
|
|
-u $fd # specify FD instead of stdin |
|
|
# Ex: |
|
|
exec 3< "file_to_read" |
|
|
read -u 3 line |
|
|
echo "first line: $line" |
|
|
|
|
|
less [$file] # view file|input with pagination |
|
|
-N # show line numbers |
|
|
-M # show prompt (number of lines, percent, filename) |
|
|
head [$file] # print first part of file|input |
|
|
# options: |
|
|
-n $lines # number of lines to print |
|
|
-c $bytes # bytes to print |
|
|
tail [$file] # print last part |
|
|
# options: |
|
|
-n $lines |
|
|
-c $bytes |
|
|
-f # watch for updates |
|
|
|
|
|
sort [$file] # print lines sorted |
|
|
# options: |
|
|
-u # unique |
|
|
-n # numeric sort |
|
|
-r # reverse |
|
|
-k <n> # sort by field n (from 1) |
|
|
tr $str1 $str2 # filter input - replace all chars from $str1 to |
|
|
# appropriate chars from $str2 |
|
|
|
|
|
$target N< $source # input redirection |
|
|
# N = 0 by default |
|
|
$source N> $target # output redirection (rewrite, create if doesnt exists) |
|
|
# N = 1 by default |
|
|
$source N>> $target # append |
|
|
# N = 1 by default |
|
|
# where: |
|
|
$source, $target # input|output (file, statements group, etc.) |
|
|
N # FD number |
|
|
# Ex: |
|
|
cat >> file |
|
|
iconv -f cp1251 -t utf8 < album_cp1251.cue > album_utf8.cue |
|
|
|
|
|
# Predefined FDs: |
|
|
0 # stdin |
|
|
1 # stdout |
|
|
2 # stderr |
|
|
|
|
|
# Redirection can be filtered. |
|
|
# Ex: |
|
|
wrongCmd 2> $file # write stderr to file |
|
|
cmd > $file 2>&1 # write both stdout and stderr to file |
|
|
cmd &> $file # same |
|
|
cmd > $fileOut 2> $fileErr # write stdout and stderr to different files |
|
|
cmd 1>&2 # write stdout to stderr |
|
|
|
|
|
cmd1 | cmd2 # pipe, conveyer. Uses for chaining - get stdout from |
|
|
# first and send it to stdin of next command. Each command executes |
|
|
# in a subshell. |
|
|
# Ex: |
|
|
cat somefile | grep "word_to_search" |
|
|
cat somefile | tr abc ABC > file2 |
|
|
|
|
|
/dev/null # path to system's black hole |
|
|
# It can be used e.g. to silence stdout|stderr. |
|
|
# Ex: |
|
|
{ command1; command2; } 2> /dev/null # errors will be suppressed |
|
|
|
|
|
/dev/tty # current terminal. Can be used to guarantee that output will reach |
|
|
# terminal although stdout redirection |
|
|
|
|
|
sync # flush any buffered data out to disk |
|
|
|
|
|
================================================================================ |
|
|
FS ============================================================================= |
|
|
|
|
|
fuser $file # list users that are using filesystem|file |
|
|
-m $mp # mountpoint |
|
|
-k # kill all found processes |
|
|
-v # verbose |
|
|
|
|
|
fdisk -l # list devices |
|
|
fdisk -l $device # list partitions |
|
|
# $device - block device, e.g. /dev/sdb |
|
|
|
|
|
df [$mp] # show fs usage |
|
|
-h # human readable |
|
|
lsblk # list block devices |
|
|
-o $output # comma-separated options: "name", "rm", "size", "ro", |
|
|
# "type", "fstype", "mountpoint", "label", "uuid", |
|
|
# "log-sec", "phy-sec", etc (optionally with + sign to append). |
|
|
# default: name,maj:min,rm,size,ro,type,mountpoint |
|
|
|
|
|
mount $fs $mountpoint # mount filesystem |
|
|
# $fs - filesystem |
|
|
# $mountpoint - target directory to mount |
|
|
# options: |
|
|
-t $type # fs type: "ext4", "ntfs", "vfat", "smbfs", etc, |
|
|
-o $rights # options, "rw" (read,write), "ro" (readonly), |
|
|
# "force" (for repair), "remount" (change mountpoint or rights) |
|
|
--bind $dir # create mirror |
|
|
# Ex: |
|
|
sudo mkdir /mnt/somemp |
|
|
sudo mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/somemp |
|
|
umount $fs|$mountpoint # unmount filesystem |
|
|
|
|
|
fdisk $device # change partition table of this device |
|
|
mkfs -t $type $fs # format |
|
|
# $fs - filesystem |
|
|
|
|
|
mlabel -i $fs ::$label # change FAT label |
|
|
ntfslabel $fs $label # change NTFS label |
|
|
e2label $fs $label # change EXT label |
|
|
|
|
|
# Ex: |
|
|
# create bootable usb |
|
|
sudo -s |
|
|
umount /dev/sdb1 |
|
|
mkfs -t vfat /dev/sdb1 |
|
|
dd bs=4M if=./someimage.iso of=/dev/sdb && sync |
|
|
# or |
|
|
# cat ./someimage.iso > /dev/sdb && sync |
|
|
fdisk /dev/sdb |
|
|
# then select option "a" to set boot flag |
|
|
mlabel -i /dev/sdb1 ::LIVE |
|
|
|
|
|
================================================================================ |
|
|
Files ========================================================================== |
|
|
|
|
|
chmod value $file # set privileges |
|
|
# where value can be: |
|
|
ABC |
|
|
# where: |
|
|
# A - "u" (user,owner), "g" (group), "o" (others), "a" (all), |
|
|
# "ug", "uo", etc. |
|
|
# B - "+" (add permission), "=" (rewrite permission), |
|
|
# "-" (remove permission) |
|
|
# C - "r" (read), "w" (write), "x" (execute), "rw", "rwx", etc. |
|
|
# Special flags: |
|
|
# "s" - setuid|setguid (execute with owner's |
|
|
# permissions) |
|
|
# "t" - sticky bit (only owners can delete|rename |
|
|
# files in this directory) |
|
|
# e.g. `chmod ug+x file` |
|
|
UGO |
|
|
# where: |
|
|
# U - number 0-7 - permission for owner |
|
|
# G - number 0-7 - permission for group |
|
|
# O - number 0-7 - permission for others |
|
|
# where: |
|
|
# 0 - forbidden |
|
|
# 4 - read |
|
|
# 5 - read and execute |
|
|
# 6 - read and write |
|
|
# 7 - read, write and execute |
|
|
# e.g. `chmod 754 file` |
|
|
# options: |
|
|
-R # recursive |
|
|
--reference $file # copy privileges from another file |
|
|
-v # verbose |
|
|
-f # silent |
|
|
chown $user:$group $path |
|
|
# options: |
|
|
-R # recursive |
|
|
# Ex: |
|
|
sudo chown -R $(whoami) some/dir |
|
|
|
|
|
pwd # print current working directory |
|
|
cd $dir # change current directory |
|
|
|
|
|
ls $dir|$file... # print list of items in directory or |
|
|
# info about file |
|
|
# options: |
|
|
-a # show hidden (beginning with '.') |
|
|
-A # without ./ and ../ |
|
|
-l # with info (chmod, size, mtime) |
|
|
-F # show "/" after dir, "*" after executable file |
|
|
-h # human-readable size (kb, mb, gb) |
|
|
-t # sort by modified time (desc) |
|
|
-r # reverse order |
|
|
-s # show blocks number |
|
|
-d # directory itself instead of its content |
|
|
du $dir|$file # print size of file or directory recursively (disk usage) |
|
|
# options: |
|
|
-d $n # max depth |
|
|
-c # show grand total |
|
|
-h # human readable |
|
|
-s # print only total for each argument |
|
|
|
|
|
dd # copy and convert bytes |
|
|
bs=$c # read|write up to $c bytes at a time (e.g. "1M") |
|
|
if=$source # file or device |
|
|
of=$dest # file or device |
|
|
|
|
|
cp $source... $target # copy file|dir |
|
|
# options: |
|
|
-r # recursive - to copy directory |
|
|
-i # interactive mode (prompt before overwrite) |
|
|
-u # update mode |
|
|
-P # dont follow symbolic links in source |
|
|
-L # always follow symlinks in source |
|
|
--preserve=$attrs # preserve attributes |
|
|
# available params: mode, ownership, timestamps, context, |
|
|
# links, xattr, all |
|
|
-p # same as --preserve=mode,ownership,timestamps |
|
|
-v # verbose |
|
|
mv $source... $target # move file|dir |
|
|
# options: |
|
|
-v # verbose |
|
|
-i # interactive mode |
|
|
-u # update mode |
|
|
touch $file # create empty file |
|
|
# options: |
|
|
-c # do not create if doesnt exists |
|
|
-a # only update access time |
|
|
-m # only update modified time |
|
|
-d $rel_date # change modified time |
|
|
mkdir $dir # create empty dir |
|
|
# options: |
|
|
-r # recursive |
|
|
-v # verbose |
|
|
rm $file # remove file|dir |
|
|
# options: |
|
|
-r # recursive - to remove dir |
|
|
-f # force - without prompt for subdirs |
|
|
-v # verbose |
|
|
ln $file_target $link_path # create link (hard by default) |
|
|
# options: |
|
|
-s # symbolic |
|
|
-v # verbose |
|
|
file $filename # identify file type |
|
|
|
|
|
locate $file # quick file search |
|
|
# options: |
|
|
-i # ignore case |
|
|
-b # match only basename |
|
|
-c # print only count of found |
|
|
--regex # use extended regex |
|
|
find $dir search action # recursively search files|dirs in $dir by search |
|
|
# pattern and perform action for each item |
|
|
# where $dir is a path |
|
|
# where search can contain: |
|
|
\( expr \) # group expressions to change precedence |
|
|
! expr |
|
|
expr -o expr # OR |
|
|
expt -a expr # AND |
|
|
-name "glob_pattern" # search by filename |
|
|
-path "glob_pattern" # search by path or filename |
|
|
-mtime $n # by date modified (days) |
|
|
# where $n: |
|
|
N # N days |
|
|
+N # more than N |
|
|
-N # less than |
|
|
-type $type # by type |
|
|
# where $type: |
|
|
f # file |
|
|
d # directory |
|
|
-size $size # by size (blocks) |
|
|
# where $size: |
|
|
N # N blocks |
|
|
Nc # N bytes |
|
|
+N|+Nc # more than |
|
|
-N|-Nc # less than |
|
|
# and where action: |
|
|
-print # simple print found list (default) |
|
|
-exec command {} \; # execute command(s). {} is a placeholder |
|
|
# for found path |
|
|
# Ex: |
|
|
find ./* -exec touch -m {} \; # update modified time recursively |
|
|
|
|
|
grep $pattern [$file...] # search by pattern in contents of each |
|
|
# file or stdin |
|
|
# options: |
|
|
-r # resursive |
|
|
-G # use basic regular expression (BRE) (default) |
|
|
-E # use extended regular expression (ERE) |
|
|
-P # use perl regex |
|
|
-F # fixed string, dont interpret pattern as regex |
|
|
-m $n # specify max count of matches |
|
|
-v # invert match |
|
|
-i # ignore case |
|
|
-w # match whole words |
|
|
-x # match whole lines |
|
|
-C $n # show $n lines around (context) |
|
|
-H # show filenames |
|
|
-h # dont show filenames |
|
|
-n # show line numbers |
|
|
-l # print only filenames |
|
|
-L # print only filenames of not matched |
|
|
-c # print only count of matched lines per file |
|
|
-q # supress output (return only exit code) |
|
|
-s # supress warnings |
|
|
# Ex: |
|
|
ls -a | grep ".bash*" |
|
|
|
|
|
sed $expression [$file] # SED - stream editor |
|
|
# expression applies for each line |
|
|
-e $expression # to specify multiple expressions |
|
|
# ; can be used as delimeter instead |
|
|
-f $script_file # file containing sed expressions |
|
|
# also uses for interpreter script: #!/bin/sed -f |
|
|
-n [$print_command] # no printing unless an explicit request to print |
|
|
-r # use extended regex |
|
|
-i[suffix] # save backup and rewrite file |
|
|
|
|
|
# expression syntax: |
|
|
<address> # address lines to work width (at beginning of expression) |
|
|
# where address: |
|
|
<n> # line number (count from 1) |
|
|
# $ - specchar for last line |
|
|
/<regex>/ |
|
|
<start_addr>,<stop_addr> # address range |
|
|
! # invert address restriction |
|
|
|
|
|
{ <commands> } # group commands |
|
|
|
|
|
p # print line |
|
|
= # print line number |
|
|
d # delete line |
|
|
a <str> # append line after current |
|
|
i <str> # insert line before current |
|
|
c <str> # replace current line or range |
|
|
s/<regex>/<repl>/<flags> # substitute (first occurence by default) |
|
|
# regex - basic regular expression |
|
|
# & - specchar - found substring to past in replacement pattern |
|
|
# flags: |
|
|
<n> # address occurence |
|
|
g # global |
|
|
I # ignore case |
|
|
y/<chars>/<chars>/ # transform (like tr shell command) |
|
|
|
|
|
h # put pattern buffer to hold buffer |
|
|
H # append to hold buffer |
|
|
x # exchange pattern buffer and hold buffer |
|
|
g # put hold buffer to pattern buffer |
|
|
G # append to pattern buffer |
|
|
|
|
|
r <file> # read file and paste contents after current line |
|
|
w <file> # write to file |
|
|
n # skip line |
|
|
q # quit |
|
|
|
|
|
# Ex: |
|
|
sed "2 ! s/([a-z]+)/(\1)/g w out.txt" -r # wrap words into parentheses |
|
|
# on every lines exclude line 2 and write modified lines to file |
|
|
sed "1,2 { |
|
|
i qwe |
|
|
a rty |
|
|
}" |
|
|
# wrap 1 and 2 lines and print to stdout |
|
|
find ./static/ -type f -name "*.es6" | \ |
|
|
xargs -i sed -r -i \ |
|
|
"s/import ([a-z0-9_]+) from '(.+)'/import * as \1 from '\2'/I" {} |
|
|
# modify imports and rewrite files, recursively |
|
|
|
|
|
wc [$file] # tells how many lines, words and bytes in file|input |
|
|
-l # count lines |
|
|
-w # count words |
|
|
-m # count chars |
|
|
-c # count bytes |
|
|
|
|
|
cut [$file] # parse fields from file|input |
|
|
-c $selec # select characters |
|
|
-b $selec # select bytes |
|
|
-f $selec # select fields, e.g. '-f 1,3' - first and third |
|
|
-d $char # fields delimeter (default - tab) |
|
|
-s # do not print lines without delimeters |
|
|
|
|
|
diff $file1 $file2 # show differs |
|
|
-u # unified output (+, -, @@) |
|
|
|
|
|
md5sum [$file] # md5 hash of file|input |
|
|
|
|
|
shed [$file] # hex editor |
|
|
-r # readonly |
|
|
-s $n # cursor offset |
|
|
|
|
|
tar $file... # tar archiving |
|
|
# options: |
|
|
-f $file # archive file |
|
|
-C $file # destination |
|
|
-x # extract |
|
|
-c # create |
|
|
-r # append files |
|
|
-u # update mode. Append files if they are newer |
|
|
-t # list contents |
|
|
-z # through gzip compression |
|
|
-j # through bzip2 compression |
|
|
# Ex: |
|
|
tar -xz -f ./archive.tar.gz -C ./target |
|
|
tar -xj -f ./archive.tar.bz2 -C ./target |
|
|
tar -xJ -f ./archive.tar.xz -C ./target |
|
|
tar -cz -f "../${PWD##*/}.tar.gz" . |
|
|
|
|
|
zip $archive_file $file... # zip archiving |
|
|
# options: |
|
|
-d $file... # delete files from archive |
|
|
-r # recursively |
|
|
-u # update mode |
|
|
# Ex: |
|
|
zip -r ./archive.zip ./file1 ./file2 ./dir |
|
|
unzip $archive |
|
|
# options: |
|
|
-d $path # specify target dir |
|
|
|
|
|
dump -N $fs # backup filesystem, N - backup level (0 - full) |
|
|
-u # save date and level in /etc/dumpdates |
|
|
-f $dumpfile |
|
|
-a # auto-size, fill dest device |
|
|
restore # restore|view dump |
|
|
-f $dumpfile |
|
|
-x $filename # restore specified file |
|
|
-r # restore to cwd |
|
|
-i # interactive restore |
|
|
# commands: |
|
|
# cd, ls, pwd, add $filename, extract |
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================================================================================ |
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Network ======================================================================== |
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netstat # print network connections, routing tables, statistics, etc. |
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-t # tcp |
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-u # udp |
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-x # unix sockets |
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-l # only listening |
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-a # all, any status |
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-p # display pid and program names |
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-n # dont resolve hosts or usernames, use numeric (for speed up) |
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-s # print statistics |
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-r # print kernel routing table |
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-i # print list of network interfaces |
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# Ex: |
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netstat -tulpn # print listening ports |
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lsof -i :$port # search processes by listening port |
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-t # print only pid |
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ifconfig [$interface] # configure|view network interface(s) |
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-a # show all, even if down |
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ifconfig $interface [$addr] [options] |
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# options: |
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up|down # up or down certain interface |
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mtu $n # set max transmission unit |
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netmask $mask # set mask |
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broadcast [$addr] # set|reset broadcast address |
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pointopoint [$addr] # enable|disable p2p mode |
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hw $type $mac # set hardware address |
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# $type - "ether", "ax25", "ARCnet", "netrom" |
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ifup|ifdown [$interface] # bring interface(s) up or down |
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-a # all interfaces |
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ping $addr |
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-s $bytes # packet size |
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traceroute $addr |
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-n # dont resolve names |
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telnet $addr $port |
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-l $user |
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-n $tracefile # record trace info |
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-S $tos # type of service |
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# commands: |
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mode line|character|isig|-isig|edit|-edit |
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send eof|eor|el|escape|nop|susp |
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close |
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quit |
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# Ex (smtp): |
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$ telnet 123.123.123.123 25 |
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HELO smtp.example.com |
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MAIL FROM: sender@host |
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RCPT TO: receiver@host |
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DATA |
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Subject: some subject |
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some message |
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. |
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wget $url # download files via http, https or ftp |
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# options: |
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-t $num # number tries |
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-O $path # output file |
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-c # continue partially downloaded file |
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-r # recursively |
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-D $domain # restrict only for specified domain |
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-S # collect headers |
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--spider # do not load content |
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tcpdmp [filter] # dump traffic |
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-i $interface |
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-c $n # limit number of puckets |
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-n # dont resolve names |
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-A # print as ascii |
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-X # print both numeric and ascii |
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-l # make stdout line buffered |
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-w $file # dump to file |
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-r $file # read dump from file |
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# filter: |
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host $addr |
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port $n |
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nmap $target # port scanner |
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-sL # list scan |
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-sn # ping scan |
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-Pn # no ping (skip discovery stage) |
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-PS # TCP SYN/ACK |
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--disable-arp-ping |
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-n # no DNS resolution |
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--dns-servers $dns_servers |
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--traceroute # trace hop path |
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-sS, -sT, -sA, -sW, -sM # SYN, Connect, ACK, Window, Maimon |
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# TCP scan technique |
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-sN, -sF, -sX # Null, FIN, Xmas TCP scan technique |
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-sY # INIT scan SCTP technique |
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-sU # UDP scans |
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-sI $zombie $host[:$port] # iddle scan |
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-sV # probe to determine service version, info |
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-p $range # set range of ports to scan |
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-iL $file # list of hosts from file |
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================================================================================ |
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SSH ============================================================================ |
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apt-get install openssh-server |
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apt-get install openssh-client |
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ssh $user@$hostname [$commands] # connect |
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# commands - single quoted commands |
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# options: |
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-i $path # private key for authentication (default: ~/.ssh/id_rsa) |
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-p $number # port number |
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-A # forward key |
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ssh-keygen # generate key pair |
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# options: |
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-t dsa|rsa |
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-b $n # length (1024 (def), 2048, 4096) |
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-f $path # file to save keys (default: ~/.ssh/id_rsa and |
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# ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub) |
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ssh-copy-id $user@$hostname # send public key to server |
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# to remote ~/.ssh/autorized_keys dir |
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# options: |
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-i $path # public key file (default: ~/.ssh/id-rsa.pub) |
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-p $number # port number |
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puttygen -o $destfile -O $type $keyfile # convert ssh key |
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# type - output format. "private" - putty format, |
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# "private-openssh", "public" - standart ssh.com, |
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# "public-openssh", "fingerprint" |
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scp [$user_from@$host_from:]$path_src [$user_to@$host_to:]$path_dst |
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# copy files locally or to|from remote system over ssh |
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# options: |
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-i $path # private key (passes to ssh) |
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-P $number # port number |
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-p # preserve mtime and modes |
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-r # recursive |
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-v # verbose |
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rsync [$user_from@$host_from:]$path_src [$user_to@$host_to:]$path_dst |
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# copy files locally or to|from remote system over ssh. Uses delta |
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# transfer algorithm. |
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# options: |
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-A # with ACL |
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-a # recursive with symlinks and devices saving mtime, owner, group |
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-b # backup files instead of rewriting (uses "~" prefix by def) |
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-u # skip files which target mtime > source mtime |
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-r # recursive |
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-z # compress |
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--exclude $pattern # prevent syncing (root - root of src) |
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--delete # delete extraneous files from target (absent in source) |
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--ignore-errors # delete even if there IO errors |
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--existing # skip creating new files |
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--ignore-existing # skip updating files |
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--devices # copy devices |
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--specials # copy special files |
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--links # copy symlinks as symlinks |
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--times # preserve mtime |
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--perms # preserve access permissions |
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--group # preserve groups info |
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-v # verbose |
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# if $path_src have trailing slash - it will be same as /* glob |
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# Ex: |
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rsync -auv --delete \ |
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--exclude "/files/*" --exclude "/logs" \ |
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./ "$user@$host:$dest" |
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# client config: |
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~/.ssh/config or /etc/ssh/ssh_config |
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# server config: |
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/etc/ssh/sshd_config |
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================================================================================ |
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Tmux =========================================================================== |
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# Tmux - terminal manager. |
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# Tmux has three levels of hierarchy: Sessions, windows, and panes. |
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# Sessions are groups of windows, and a window is a layout of panes. |
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tmux # start the tmux session |
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tmux new |
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-s <name> |
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# In Tmux press the ctrl+b, then: |
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d # detach |
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s # list sessions |
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$ # rename session |
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c # new window |
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, # rename window |
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& # kill window |
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tmux ls # list of the running sessions |
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tmux a # attach to the tmux session |
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-t <name> |
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tmux kill-session |
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-t <name> |
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================================================================================ |
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Services ======================================================================= |
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# Systemd - create and manage services. |
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# To create service put unit file |
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# into /etc/systemd/system/<servicename>.service directory. |
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systemctl |
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daemon-reload # index new unit files |
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enable <servicename> # enable autostart at boot |
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start <servicename> # start manually |
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status <servicename> # view service info and status |
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# Example of unit file: |
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[Unit] |
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Description=My Service |
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After=network.target |
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[Service] |
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Type=simple |
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# simple, forking, oneshot, dbus, notify, idle |
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Restart=always |
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# always, on-success, on-failure, on-abnormal, on-watchdog, on-abort |
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RestartSec=0 # delay |
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ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/myservice.sh |
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[Install] |
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WantedBy=runlevel3.target |
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================================================================================ |
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Vim ============================================================================ |
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vim $file # open file in vim editor |
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# options: |
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-R # readonly |
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-r # restore from temp backup |
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# Vim will be launched in command mode. |
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# commands: |
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CTRL+G # show filename, size and status |
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a # edit after cursor (add) |
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i # edit before cursor (insert) |
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# will be switched to editor mode |
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ESC # switch back to command mode |
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. # repeat last command |
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gg # go to start |
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G # go to EOF |
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CTRL+V # selection |
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d # delete selection |
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y # copy selection |
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dd # delete current line |
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D # delete chars from current pos to EOL |
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yy # copy current line |
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yG # from current line to the EOF |
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NY # N lines |
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p # paste below current line |
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P # paste above current line |
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:w # save |
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:w $file # save to file |
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:w>> $file # append to file |
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:Nw>> $file # append line N to file |
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:N,Mw>> $file # append lines [N; M] to file |
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:r $file # read file and append below current line |
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:Nr $file # read and append below line N |
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:q # quit |
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:q! # quit without save |
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:cq # quit with non-zero exit code |
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u # undo |
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CTRL+R # redo |
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/ # search after |
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? # search before |
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n # find next |
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:set number # show line numbers (nonumber to disable) |
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:set incsearch # enable inremental search |
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:set autoindent # enable indentaion |
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:set syntax=some_lang|off # enable|disable syntax highlighting |
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# settings can be defined in VIMINIT environment variable: |
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# Ex: |
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export VIMINIT='set number incsearch' |
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================================================================================ |
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Miscellaneous ================================================================== |
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while ( nc -l 80 < $some_response_file > : ) ; do $some_cmd ; done |
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# simple server |
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curl ifconfig.co # get public ip |
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while true; do |
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inotifywait -r -e MODIFY $some_dir && $some_cmd |
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done # watch on directory and run command when any file changed |
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date +%T # print time (%H:%M:%S) |
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date +%s # print timestamp |
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date -d "12/31/2016 23:59:59" +%s # date to timestamp |
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cat url.txt | xargs wget # pass stdout to argument |
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cat url.txt | xargs -i wget "{} something" # with placeholder |
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which $name # search executable in PATH |
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whereis $name # search executable in system dirs |
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locate $name # search file using precompiled index |
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whoami # current username |
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id $username # user id and groups |
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useradd $username # create user |
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-d $dir # set home directory |
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-m # create home if not exists |
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-g $group # set primary group |
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usermod $username # edit user |
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passwd $username # change password |
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userdel $username |
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-r # delete home dir |
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crontab # view|edit user's crontab |
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-u $username # for specified user |
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-e # edit |
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-l # print content |
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-r # remove |
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lscpu # display info about cpu |
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lshw # display info about hardware |
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-short |
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lsblk # list block devices |
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free # display free memory |
nelsestu created this gist