Xen is a powerful, open-source Type 1 (or "bare-metal") hypervisor. This means it runs directly on your computer's hardware, acting as a foundation before any operating system loads.

It has a unique architecture that separates it from other hypervisors like KVM or VirtualBox (which is a Type 2 hypervisor that runs inside an existing OS).

• Hypervisor: The core Xen software. It's a minimal "microkernel" that schedules and isolates a computer's physical resources (CPU, memory) between different virtual machines.
• Dom0 (Control Domain): This is the most important concept. Dom0 is a special, privileged virtual machine that runs first. It's typically a modified Linux that has special drivers to talk to the Xen hypervisor. You use Dom0 to:

Here is a list of common and important security parameters, categorized by how they are set.

1. Boot-time parameters: These are passed to the kernel by the bootloader (like GRUB) when the system first starts. You mentioned kaslr, which is a perfect example.
2. Runtime parameters (sysctl): These can be viewed and changed on a running system using the sysctl command or by modifying files in /proc/sys/.

lscpu | grep -i Virtualization

• VT-x for Intel
• AMD-Vi for AMD

BTRFS (B-tree File System) is a modern, high-performance Copy-on-Write (CoW) filesystem built directly into the Linux kernel. It's designed to be a flexible, reliable, and easy-to-use replacement for older filesystems like ext4. Its development is in-kernel (GPL-licensed), ensuring seamless integration with Linux.

• Copy-on-Write (CoW): When you modify a file, BTRFS writes the changes to a new location on the disk instead of overwriting the old data. This makes operations like snapshots instant and ensures the filesystem is always in a consistent state (no need for a long fsck after a crash).
• Data Integrity (Checksums): BTRFS calculates a "fingerprint" (checksum) for all data and metadata. When you read a file, it re-checks the fingerprint. If they don't match, BTRFS knows the data is corrupt. This protects you from silent data corruption or "bit rot."

Created with an uncompromising focus on data integrity. ZFS integrates the roles of a filesystem and a volume manager. This gives it a complete view of the storage layout, from the physical disks to the files, enabling features like end-to-end checksumming and self-healing.

Also utilizes a CoW transactional model. Every write is a new block, and a group of writes is committed as a transaction. This ensures that the filesystem is always in a consistent state.

FUNCTION IterativeInOrder(rootNode):
    // Create an empty stack to store nodes
    CREATE a stack

    // Start with the root of the tree
    currentNode = rootNode

    // Loop as long as there are nodes to process or the stack is not empty
    WHILE currentNode is not NULL OR stack is not EMPTY:

GNU Linux offers 5 different filesystems to allow the user to choose what best fits their needs. The following will go over advantages, disadvantages, and recommendations for each filesystem.

XFS is a journaling filesystem created and developed by Silicon Graphics, Inc. It was created in 1993, ported to linux in 2001, and is now widely supported by most Linux distributions.

LVM (Logical Volume Manager) is a storage management solution in Linux that provides flexibility and scalability compared to using raw partitions. Instead of being tied directly to physical disks and fixed partitions, LVM allows you to:

• Create logical volumes (LVs) that behave like partitions but can be resized easily.
• Combine multiple physical disks into a single pool of storage.
• Take snapshots for backups.

cat <<EOF | sudo tee /etc/modules-load.d/k8s.conf
overlay
br_netfilter
EOF

sudo modprobe overlay
sudo modprobe br_netfilter

scp name@ip: