joglomedia · August 28, 2021 14:57 · Sep 1, 2018 · Aug 22, 2018 · Aug 22, 2018 · Aug 22, 2018
diff --git a/kvm_minikube.md b/kvm_minikube.md
@@ -17,7 +17,13 @@ Run all of these commands on your Linux host unless otherwise specified.
 
 KVM enables virtualization on Linux, but other options are also available for use with minikube such as: virtualbox/vmwarefusion/kvm/xhyve/hyperv.
 
-Follow [instructions here](https://blog.alexellis.io/kvm-kubernetes-primer/) to install packages from `apt`.
+Follow [instructions here](https://blog.alexellis.io/kvm-kubernetes-primer/) to install packages from `apt`:
+
+```
+sudo apt-get install -qy \
+  qemu-kvm libvirt-bin virtinst bridge-utils cpu-checker
+sudo kvm-ok
+```
 
 ### Install kubectl
 

diff --git a/kvm_minikube.md b/kvm_minikube.md
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ We'll set up all the tooling so that you can build one or many single-node Kuber
 
 ## Pre-reqs
 
-* This tutorial uses Ubuntu 16.04 as a base installation, but other distributions are supported by KVM. You'll need to find out how to install KVM with your package manager.
+* This tutorial uses Ubuntu 16.04 as a base installation, but other distributions are supported by KVM. You'll need to find out how to install KVM with your package manager. If you're using [Fedora you can follow these instructions to Install KVM](https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/quick-docs/getting-started-with-virtualization/).
 * You'll need nested virtualization available on a cloud host, a spare machine under your desk or a bare metal machine in the cloud. You can find affordable bare metal at [Scaleway](https://www.scaleway.com) or high-spec/performance bare-metal over at: [Packet.net](https://www.packet.net)
 
 ## Install Tooling

diff --git a/kvm_minikube.md b/kvm_minikube.md
@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 Ramp up your Kubernetes development, CI-tooling or testing workflow by running multiple Kubernetes clusters on Ubuntu Linux with KVM and minikube.
 
+In this tutorial we will combine the popular `minikube` tool with Linux's Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM) support. It is a great way to re-purpose an old machine that you found on eBay or have gathering gust under your desk. An Intel NUC would also make a great host for this tutorial if you want to buy some new hardware. Another popular angle is to use a bare metal host in the cloud and I've provided some details on that below.
+
+We'll set up all the tooling so that you can build one or many single-node Kubernetes clusters and then deploy applications to them such as OpenFaaS using familiar tooling like helm. I'll then show you how to access the Kubernetes clusters from a remote machine such as your laptop.
+
 ## Pre-reqs
 
 * This tutorial uses Ubuntu 16.04 as a base installation, but other distributions are supported by KVM. You'll need to find out how to install KVM with your package manager.
@@ -146,4 +150,8 @@ You can also open up your OpenFaaS installation to your friends or for testing p
 
 ### Wrapping up
 
+We've now built one or many Kubernetes clusters using `minikube` and KVM using the `--profile` flag to separate them and assign each its own name. Port-forwarding, ngrok or SSH provided us with temporary access into the clusters for testing purposes. Where could you take this text?
+
+After you have gained some muscle-memory with creating and accessing these development clusters, you could go on to bake them into projects. A single-use cluster would be great to use in a CI/CD pipeline for end-to-end testing or any other tasks that require multiple configurations such as ensuring backwards compatibility with different Kubernetes versions or with RBAC enabled or disabled.
+
 If you have comments, questions or suggestions feel free to reach out over Twitter [@alexellisuk](https://twitter.com/alexellisuk)
diff --git a/kvm_minikube.md b/kvm_minikube.md
@@ -3,10 +3,12 @@ Ramp up your Kubernetes development, CI-tooling or testing workflow by running m
 ## Pre-reqs
 
 * This tutorial uses Ubuntu 16.04 as a base installation, but other distributions are supported by KVM. You'll need to find out how to install KVM with your package manager.
-* You'll need nested virtualization enabled or a bare metal machine in the cloud. You can find these at [Packet.net](https://www.packet.net) or [Scaleway](https://www.scaleway.com).
+* You'll need nested virtualization available on a cloud host, a spare machine under your desk or a bare metal machine in the cloud. You can find affordable bare metal at [Scaleway](https://www.scaleway.com) or high-spec/performance bare-metal over at: [Packet.net](https://www.packet.net)
 
 ## Install Tooling
 
+Run all of these commands on your Linux host unless otherwise specified.
+
 ### Install KVM
 
 KVM enables virtualization on Linux, but other options are also available for use with minikube such as: virtualbox/vmwarefusion/kvm/xhyve/hyperv.
@@ -122,6 +124,10 @@ curl http://$(minikube ip --profile cluster1):31112/system/info
 {"provider":{"provider":"faas-netes","version":{"sha":"5539cf43c15a28e9af998cdc25b5da06252b62e1","release":"0.6.0"},"orchestration":"kubernetes"},"version":{"commit_message":"Attach X-Call-Id to asynchronous calls","sha":"c86de503c7a20a46645239b9b081e029b15bf69b","release":"0.8.11"}}
 ```
 
+### Access the cluster from your laptop
+
+You can also gain access into the cluster(s) from a remote machine.
+
 Port forward from your laptop to the Linux machine:
 
 Find the IP of the minikube VM with `echo $(minikube ip --profile cluster1)` i.e. `192.168.39.10`
@@ -132,7 +138,7 @@ ssh -L -N 31112:192.168.39.10:31112 user@linux-host
 
 You can now access the OpenFaaS installation from your remote Linux host via http://127.0.0.1:31112 or even using `faas-cli --gateway 127.0.0.1:31112`.
 
-You can also open up your OpenFaaS installation to your friends or for testing public webhooks via [ngrok](https://ngrok.com/download).
+You can also open up your OpenFaaS installation to your friends or for testing public webhooks via [ngrok](https://ngrok.com/download). Run the tool on your Linux host
 
 ```
 ./ngrok http $(minikube ip --profile cluster1):31112

diff --git a/kvm_minikube.md b/kvm_minikube.md
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ Port forward from your laptop to the Linux machine:
 Find the IP of the minikube VM with `echo $(minikube ip --profile cluster1)` i.e. `192.168.39.10`
 
 ```
-ssh -L 31112:192.168.39.10:31112 user@linux-host
+ssh -L -N 31112:192.168.39.10:31112 user@linux-host
 ```
 
 You can now access the OpenFaaS installation from your remote Linux host via http://127.0.0.1:31112 or even using `faas-cli --gateway 127.0.0.1:31112`.

diff --git a/kvm_minikube.md b/kvm_minikube.md
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ Ramp up your Kubernetes development, CI-tooling or testing workflow by running m
 
 ## Pre-reqs
 
-* Use Ubuntu 16.04 as a base installation.
+* This tutorial uses Ubuntu 16.04 as a base installation, but other distributions are supported by KVM. You'll need to find out how to install KVM with your package manager.
 * You'll need nested virtualization enabled or a bare metal machine in the cloud. You can find these at [Packet.net](https://www.packet.net) or [Scaleway](https://www.scaleway.com).
 
 ## Install Tooling

diff --git a/kvm_minikube.md b/kvm_minikube.md
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ Ramp up your Kubernetes development, CI-tooling or testing workflow by running m
 ## Pre-reqs
 
 * Use Ubuntu 16.04 as a base installation.
-* You'll need nested virtualization enabled or a bare metal machine in the cloud. You can find these at Packet.net or Scaleway.
+* You'll need nested virtualization enabled or a bare metal machine in the cloud. You can find these at [Packet.net](https://www.packet.net) or [Scaleway](https://www.scaleway.com).
 
 ## Install Tooling
 

diff --git a/kvm_minikube.md b/kvm_minikube.md
@@ -132,6 +132,12 @@ ssh -L 31112:192.168.39.10:31112 user@linux-host
 
 You can now access the OpenFaaS installation from your remote Linux host via http://127.0.0.1:31112 or even using `faas-cli --gateway 127.0.0.1:31112`.
 
+You can also open up your OpenFaaS installation to your friends or for testing public webhooks via [ngrok](https://ngrok.com/download).
+
+```
+./ngrok http $(minikube ip --profile cluster1):31112
+```
+
 ### Wrapping up
 
 If you have comments, questions or suggestions feel free to reach out over Twitter [@alexellisuk](https://twitter.com/alexellisuk)
diff --git a/kvm_minikube.md b/kvm_minikube.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+Ramp up your Kubernetes development, CI-tooling or testing workflow by running multiple Kubernetes clusters on Ubuntu Linux with KVM and minikube.
+
 ## Pre-reqs
 
 * Use Ubuntu 16.04 as a base installation.
@@ -7,7 +9,7 @@
 
 ### Install KVM
 
-https://www.linux-kvm.org/page/Main_Page
+KVM enables virtualization on Linux, but other options are also available for use with minikube such as: virtualbox/vmwarefusion/kvm/xhyve/hyperv.
 
 Follow [instructions here](https://blog.alexellis.io/kvm-kubernetes-primer/) to install packages from `apt`.
 
@@ -128,4 +130,8 @@ Find the IP of the minikube VM with `echo $(minikube ip --profile cluster1)` i.e
 ssh -L 31112:192.168.39.10:31112 user@linux-host
 ```
 
-You can now access the OpenFaaS installation from your remote Linux host via http://127.0.0.1:31112 or even using `faas-cli --gateway 127.0.0.1:31112`.
+You can now access the OpenFaaS installation from your remote Linux host via http://127.0.0.1:31112 or even using `faas-cli --gateway 127.0.0.1:31112`.
+
+### Wrapping up
+
+If you have comments, questions or suggestions feel free to reach out over Twitter [@alexellisuk](https://twitter.com/alexellisuk)
diff --git a/kvm_minikube.md b/kvm_minikube.md
@@ -1,14 +1,17 @@
-Use Ubuntu 16.04 as a base installation.
+## Pre-reqs
 
-You'll need nested virtualization enabled or a bare metal machine in the cloud. You can find these at Packet.net or Scaleway.
+* Use Ubuntu 16.04 as a base installation.
+* You'll need nested virtualization enabled or a bare metal machine in the cloud. You can find these at Packet.net or Scaleway.
 
-* Install KVM
+## Install Tooling
+
+### Install KVM
 
 https://www.linux-kvm.org/page/Main_Page
 
 Follow [instructions here](https://blog.alexellis.io/kvm-kubernetes-primer/) to install packages from `apt`.
 
-* Install kubectl
+### Install kubectl
 
 https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/tools/install-kubectl/#install-kubectl
 
@@ -18,7 +21,7 @@ chmod +x kubectl
 sudo mv kubectl /usr/local/bin/
 ```
 
-* Install minikube and the KVM2 driver
+### Install minikube and the KVM2 driver
 
 ```
 curl -SLO https://github.com/kubernetes/minikube/releases/download/v0.28.2/docker-machine-driver-kvm2
@@ -31,7 +34,7 @@ sudo mv docker-machine-driver-kvm2 /usr/local/bin
 sudo mv minikube-linux-amd64 /usr/local/bin/minikube
 ```
 
-* Create a cluster with `kubeadm`
+## Create a cluster with `kubeadm`
 
 Using the kubeadm bootstrapper will enable RBAC
 
@@ -70,7 +73,7 @@ CURRENT   NAME       CLUSTER    AUTHINFO   NAMESPACE
 *         cluster1   cluster1   cluster1   
 ```
 
-* Working with the various IPs
+### Working with the various IPs
 
 Pass the `--profile` flag to minikube commands so that you can access the ports you want.
 
@@ -81,11 +84,11 @@ minikube ip --profile cluster1
 
 You may want to use SSH port forwarding with `ssh -L port:port [email protected]` or `kubectl port-forward` to give access to services and NodePorts available on the minikube VM. If you're comfortable with `iptables` you could also set up some NAT rules, but I would recommend against it since the IP addresses of your minikube environments may change when being restarted.
 
-* Deploy something (OpenFaaS)
+## Deploy something to test it out (OpenFaaS)
 
 You can now install something to test the cluster.
 
-Configure helm and tiller:
+* Configure helm and tiller:
 
 ```
 curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes/helm/master/scripts/get | bash
@@ -96,7 +99,7 @@ kubectl -n kube-system create sa tiller \
 helm init --skip-refresh --upgrade --service-account tiller
 ```
 
-Setup OpenFaaS via helm:
+* Setup OpenFaaS via helm:
 
 ```
 kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/openfaas/faas-netes/master/namespaces.yml
@@ -109,10 +112,20 @@ helm repo update  && helm upgrade openfaas \
   --set functionNamespace=openfaas-fn
 ```
 
-Now access the OpenFaaS gateway via the NodePort:
+* Now access the OpenFaaS gateway via the NodePort:
 
 ```
 curl http://$(minikube ip --profile cluster1):31112/system/info
 
 {"provider":{"provider":"faas-netes","version":{"sha":"5539cf43c15a28e9af998cdc25b5da06252b62e1","release":"0.6.0"},"orchestration":"kubernetes"},"version":{"commit_message":"Attach X-Call-Id to asynchronous calls","sha":"c86de503c7a20a46645239b9b081e029b15bf69b","release":"0.8.11"}}
 ```
+
+Port forward from your laptop to the Linux machine:
+
+Find the IP of the minikube VM with `echo $(minikube ip --profile cluster1)` i.e. `192.168.39.10`
+
+```
+ssh -L 31112:192.168.39.10:31112 user@linux-host
+```
+
+You can now access the OpenFaaS installation from your remote Linux host via http://127.0.0.1:31112 or even using `faas-cli --gateway 127.0.0.1:31112`.
diff --git a/kvm_minikube.md b/kvm_minikube.md
@@ -81,4 +81,38 @@ minikube ip --profile cluster1
 
 You may want to use SSH port forwarding with `ssh -L port:port [email protected]` or `kubectl port-forward` to give access to services and NodePorts available on the minikube VM. If you're comfortable with `iptables` you could also set up some NAT rules, but I would recommend against it since the IP addresses of your minikube environments may change when being restarted.
 
+* Deploy something (OpenFaaS)
 
+You can now install something to test the cluster.
+
+Configure helm and tiller:
+
+```
+curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes/helm/master/scripts/get | bash
+kubectl -n kube-system create sa tiller \
+  && kubectl create clusterrolebinding tiller   \
+  --clusterrole cluster-admin   \
+  --serviceaccount=kube-system:tiller
+helm init --skip-refresh --upgrade --service-account tiller
+```
+
+Setup OpenFaaS via helm:
+
+```
+kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/openfaas/faas-netes/master/namespaces.yml
+
+helm repo add openfaas https://openfaas.github.io/faas-netes/
+
+helm repo update  && helm upgrade openfaas \
+  --install openfaas/openfaas  \
+  --namespace openfaas  \
+  --set functionNamespace=openfaas-fn
+```
+
+Now access the OpenFaaS gateway via the NodePort:
+
+```
+curl http://$(minikube ip --profile cluster1):31112/system/info
+
+{"provider":{"provider":"faas-netes","version":{"sha":"5539cf43c15a28e9af998cdc25b5da06252b62e1","release":"0.6.0"},"orchestration":"kubernetes"},"version":{"commit_message":"Attach X-Call-Id to asynchronous calls","sha":"c86de503c7a20a46645239b9b081e029b15bf69b","release":"0.8.11"}}
+```
diff --git a/kvm_minikube.md b/kvm_minikube.md
@@ -69,3 +69,16 @@ kubectl config get-contexts
 CURRENT   NAME       CLUSTER    AUTHINFO   NAMESPACE
 *         cluster1   cluster1   cluster1   
 ```
+
+* Working with the various IPs
+
+Pass the `--profile` flag to minikube commands so that you can access the ports you want.
+
+```
+minikube ip --profile cluster1
+192.168.39.10
+```
+
+You may want to use SSH port forwarding with `ssh -L port:port [email protected]` or `kubectl port-forward` to give access to services and NodePorts available on the minikube VM. If you're comfortable with `iptables` you could also set up some NAT rules, but I would recommend against it since the IP addresses of your minikube environments may change when being restarted.
+
+
diff --git a/kvm_minikube.md b/kvm_minikube.md
@@ -60,4 +60,12 @@ Setting up kubeconfig...
 Starting cluster components...
 Kubectl is now configured to use the cluster.
 Loading cached images from config file.
-```
+```
+
+You can manage each cluster using `kubectl` by switching between contexts saved in ~/.kube/config.yaml. The [kubectx](https://github.com/ahmetb/kubectx) tool is also popular in the community for switching between these quickly.
+
+```
+kubectl config get-contexts
+CURRENT   NAME       CLUSTER    AUTHINFO   NAMESPACE
+*         cluster1   cluster1   cluster1   
+```
diff --git a/kvm_minikube.md b/kvm_minikube.md
@@ -35,7 +35,29 @@ sudo mv minikube-linux-amd64 /usr/local/bin/minikube
 
 Using the kubeadm bootstrapper will enable RBAC
 
+Create your first cluster VM:
+
 ```
 minikube start --bootstrapper=kubeadm --vm-driver=kvm2 --memory 4096 --cpus 4 --profile cluster1
 ```
 
+You can set up additional separate VMs using the `--profile` flag.
+
+```
+Starting local Kubernetes v1.10.0 cluster...
+Starting VM...
+Downloading Minikube ISO
+ 160.27 MB / 160.27 MB [============================================] 100.00% 0s
+Getting VM IP address...
+Moving files into cluster...
+Downloading kubeadm v1.10.0
+Downloading kubelet v1.10.0
+Finished Downloading kubelet v1.10.0
+Finished Downloading kubeadm v1.10.0
+Setting up certs...
+Connecting to cluster...
+Setting up kubeconfig...
+Starting cluster components...
+Kubectl is now configured to use the cluster.
+Loading cached images from config file.
+```
diff --git a/kvm_minikube.md b/kvm_minikube.md
@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@ You'll need nested virtualization enabled or a bare metal machine in the cloud.
 
 https://www.linux-kvm.org/page/Main_Page
 
+Follow [instructions here](https://blog.alexellis.io/kvm-kubernetes-primer/) to install packages from `apt`.
+
 * Install kubectl
 
 https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/tools/install-kubectl/#install-kubectl
@@ -16,11 +18,7 @@ chmod +x kubectl
 sudo mv kubectl /usr/local/bin/
 ```
 
-* Install minikube
-
-https://github.com/kubernetes/minikube/releases
-
-* Get the KVM2 minikube driver
+* Install minikube and the KVM2 driver
 
 ```
 curl -SLO https://github.com/kubernetes/minikube/releases/download/v0.28.2/docker-machine-driver-kvm2

diff --git a/kvm_minikube.md b/kvm_minikube.md
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+Use Ubuntu 16.04 as a base installation.
+
+You'll need nested virtualization enabled or a bare metal machine in the cloud. You can find these at Packet.net or Scaleway.
+
+* Install KVM
+
+https://www.linux-kvm.org/page/Main_Page
+
+* Install kubectl
+
+https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/tools/install-kubectl/#install-kubectl
+
+```
+curl -LO https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/$(curl -s https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/stable.txt)/bin/linux/amd64/kubectl
+chmod +x kubectl
+sudo mv kubectl /usr/local/bin/
+```
+
+* Install minikube
+
+https://github.com/kubernetes/minikube/releases
+
+* Get the KVM2 minikube driver
+
+```
+curl -SLO https://github.com/kubernetes/minikube/releases/download/v0.28.2/docker-machine-driver-kvm2
+curl -SLO https://github.com/kubernetes/minikube/releases/download/v0.28.2/minikube-linux-amd64
+
+chmod +x docker-machine-driver-kvm2
+chmod +x minikube-linux-amd64
+
+sudo mv docker-machine-driver-kvm2 /usr/local/bin
+sudo mv minikube-linux-amd64 /usr/local/bin/minikube
+```
+
+* Create a cluster with `kubeadm`
+
+Using the kubeadm bootstrapper will enable RBAC
+
+```
+minikube start --bootstrapper=kubeadm --vm-driver=kvm2 --memory 4096 --cpus 4 --profile cluster1
+```
+