l3th2nh · March 17, 2020 16:24 · Dec 27, 2019 · Dec 20, 2019 · Dec 19, 2019 · Dec 11, 2019
diff --git a/Views.md b/Views.md
@@ -1,11 +1,17 @@
-### Load a view, execute, render.
+### Get render array for view.
 ```
 use Drupal\views\Views;
+$args = [];
 $view = Views::getView('my_view');
 $view->setDisplay('my_display');
 $view->preExecute();
 $view->execute();
-$view->render();
+$render_array = $view->buildRenderable('my_display', $args);
+```
+
+Get rendered markup from above:
+```
+Drupal::service('renderer')->renderRoot($render_array);
 ```
 
 ### Get various IDs and objects.

diff --git a/Misc.md b/Misc.md
@@ -19,30 +19,6 @@ $path_args = explode('/', $path);
 $route_name = \Drupal::service('current_route_match')->getRouteName();
 ```
 
-### Parameter bag ($_GET and $_POST values).
-```
-// GET parameter bag.
-$bag = \Drupal::request()->query;
-
-// POST parameter bag.
-$bag = \Drupal::request()->request;
-
-// Get all parameters as array.
-$bag->all();
-
-// Get individual result.
-$bag->get('name');
-
-// Get count of parameters.
-$bag->count();
-```
-
-
-### Get the host (ex: www.google.com).
-```
-$host = \Drupal::request()->getHost();
-```
-
 ### Redirect.
 ```
 use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\RedirectResponse;

diff --git a/Request.md b/Request.md
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+### Get headers.
+```
+$referer = \Drupal::request()->headers->get('referer');
+```
+
+### Parameter bag ($_GET and $_POST values).
+```
+// GET parameter bag.
+$bag = \Drupal::request()->query;
+
+// POST parameter bag.
+$bag = \Drupal::request()->request;
+
+// Get all parameters as array.
+$bag->all();
+
+// Get individual result.
+$bag->get('name');
+
+// Get count of parameters.
+$bag->count();
+```
+
+
+### Get the host (ex: www.google.com).
+```
+$host = \Drupal::request()->getHost();
+```
diff --git a/Misc.md b/Misc.md
@@ -19,16 +19,25 @@ $path_args = explode('/', $path);
 $route_name = \Drupal::service('current_route_match')->getRouteName();
 ```
 
-### Get the query parameter from a GET request.
-```
-$name = \Drupal::request()->query->get('name');
+### Parameter bag ($_GET and $_POST values).
 ```
+// GET parameter bag.
+$bag = \Drupal::request()->query;
 
-### Get the parameter from a POST request.
-```
-$name = \Drupal::request()->request->get('name');
+// POST parameter bag.
+$bag = \Drupal::request()->request;
+
+// Get all parameters as array.
+$bag->all();
+
+// Get individual result.
+$bag->get('name');
+
+// Get count of parameters.
+$bag->count();
 ```
 
+
 ### Get the host (ex: www.google.com).
 ```
 $host = \Drupal::request()->getHost();

diff --git a/Debugging.md b/Debugging.md
@@ -6,6 +6,17 @@ ini_set('display_startup_errors', 1);
 error_reporting(E_ALL);
 ```
 
+### Display error messages to the screen
+Set this in settings.local.php so that it displays locally, but not on prod. The default Logging and errors should be 'None'.
+
+```
+// none - display none
+// some - errors and warning
+// all - all messages
+// verbose - all messages with backtrace information
+$config['system.logging']['error_level'] = 'all';
+```
+
 ### Set kint debug max level.
 If kint is taking forever to load or crashing the page, try reducing the max level.
 ```

diff --git a/Fields.md b/Fields.md
@@ -1,14 +1,44 @@
-Whether a multifield or single field, you can use `->first()`, but if you leave it off, it'll automatically get the first value.
+### Basics
+
+$node->field_example will return a `FieldItemList` object (or another class that extends `FieldItemList`
+
+If you want to drill down to values under the field, you can add `->first()` or leave it off and it'll automatically use the first item. This is true if the field is a single item or multi-values. Example: `$node->field_example->target_id` or `$node->field_example->first()->target_id`.
+
+If the field is an entity reference, you can get the full entity: `$node->field_example->entity` (this gets the first entity if it's a multi-value).
+
+On multi-value fields to get something other than the first you can use the array index: `$node->field_example[1]`.
 
 ### Entity reference
 ```
-$node->field_ref->target_id; // Entity ID.
-$node->field_ref->entity; // Full entity.
+// Both of these return the same Entity ID value.
+$node->field_ref->target_id;
+$node->field_ref->first()->target_id;
+
+// Get the full entity. "->entity" is only valid when the field is an entity reference.
+$node->field_ref->entity;
+
+// Get the value as an array: ['target_id' => '1'].
+$node->field_ref->getValue();
+
+// Will return null.
+$node->field_ref->value;
 ```
 
 ### URL
 ```
 $node->field_url->uri;
 $node->field_url->title;
 $node->field_url->options; // Array of options.
+$node->field_url->entity; // Returns null because it isn't an entity.
+$node->field_url->getValue(); // Returns ['uri' => '', 'title' => '', 'options => []]
+$node->field_url->value; // Returns null.
+```
+
+### Text values
+```
+// Get the value as a string.
+$node->field_text->value;
+
+// Get the value as an array: ['value' => 'text'].
+$node->field_text->getValue();
 ```
diff --git a/URLs and Links.md b/URLs and Links.md
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 ### URL from route.
 ```
 use Drupal\Core\Url;
-$url = Url::fromRoute($route_name, $params);
+$url = Url::fromRoute($route_name, $params, $options);
 ```
 
 ### URL from URI.

diff --git a/Libraries.md b/Libraries.md
@@ -1,3 +1,14 @@
+## Example Library
+In a module.libraries.yml file.
+```
+dashboard:
+  js:
+    js/dashboard.js: {}
+  dependencies:
+    - core/drupal
+    - core/jquery
+```
+
 ## Adding Libraries
 ### In preprocess function or controller function.
 ```
@@ -9,6 +20,11 @@ $variables['#attached']['library'][] = 'lotus/lotus-js';
 {{ attach_library('hcpl_zen/title-record') }}
 ```
 
+### In a view (pre render hook).
+```
+$view->element['#attached']['library'][] = 'custom/custom_view';
+```
+
 ## Miscellaneous
 ### Overriding libraries
 ```

diff --git a/Routes.md b/Routes.md
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+https://www.drupal.org/docs/8/api/routing-system
+
+### Example route
+```
+example.name:
+  path: '/example/{name}'
+  defaults:
+    _controller: '\Drupal\example\Controller\ExampleController::content'
+    name: 'My name'
+  requirements:
+    _permission: 'access content'
+```
+
+### Using roles instead of permissions
+Using a `,` among multiple roles means the user has to have all roles. Using a `+` means they need to have one.
+```
+requirements:
+  _role: admin,accountant
+```
+
+### Allowing all access
+```
+requirements:
+  _access: TRUE
+```
diff --git a/Debugging.md b/Debugging.md
@@ -6,6 +6,16 @@ ini_set('display_startup_errors', 1);
 error_reporting(E_ALL);
 ```
 
+### Set kint debug max level.
+If kint is taking forever to load or crashing the page, try reducing the max level.
+```
+// Change kint maxLevels setting.
+include_once(DRUPAL_ROOT . '/modules/contrib/devel/kint/kint/Kint.class.php');
+if(class_exists('Kint')){
+  Kint::$maxLevels = 5;
+}
+```
+
 ### Services.yml debugging.
 You will need to copy `sites/example.settings.local.php` to `sites/default/settings.local.php` (and ensure settings.php includes settings.local.php) or put this in your settings.php file: `$settings['container_yamls'][] = DRUPAL_ROOT . '/sites/development.services.yml';`.
 

diff --git a/DB Stuff.md b/DB Stuff.md
@@ -10,6 +10,13 @@ $results = \Drupal::database()->query('select * from purge_queue')->fetchAll();
 $entity_query->addTag('debug')->execute();
 ```
 
+### BETWEEN checks on entityQuery.
+```
+$result = \Drupal::entityQuery('node')
+  ->condition('field_number', [1, 3], 'BETWEEN')
+  ->execute();
+```
+
 ### IS NULL (and IS NOT NULL) checks on entityQuery.
 ```
 $result = \Drupal::entityQuery('node')

diff --git a/Views.md b/Views.md
@@ -8,7 +8,17 @@ $view->execute();
 $view->render();
 ```
 
-### Get query object (only after executing the view).
+### Get various IDs and objects.
 ```
+// Get query object (only after executing the view).
 $query = $view->query;
+
+// Get view ID.
+$view->id();
+
+// Get current display.
+$view->current_display();
+
+// Get results (after execution).
+$view->result;
 ```
diff --git a/Debugging.md b/Debugging.md
@@ -6,8 +6,10 @@ ini_set('display_startup_errors', 1);
 error_reporting(E_ALL);
 ```
 
-### Twig debugging.
-In development.services.yml. You will also need to copy `sites/example.settings.local.php` to `sites/default/settings.local.php` or put this in your settings.php file: `$settings['container_yamls'][] = DRUPAL_ROOT . '/sites/development.services.yml';`.
+### Services.yml debugging.
+You will need to copy `sites/example.settings.local.php` to `sites/default/settings.local.php` (and ensure settings.php includes settings.local.php) or put this in your settings.php file: `$settings['container_yamls'][] = DRUPAL_ROOT . '/sites/development.services.yml';`.
+
+Update `/sites/development.services.yml`:
 ```
 parameters:
   http.respone.debug_cacheability_headers: true

diff --git a/Debugging.md b/Debugging.md
@@ -6,6 +6,17 @@ ini_set('display_startup_errors', 1);
 error_reporting(E_ALL);
 ```
 
+### Twig debugging.
+In development.services.yml. You will also need to copy `sites/example.settings.local.php` to `sites/default/settings.local.php` or put this in your settings.php file: `$settings['container_yamls'][] = DRUPAL_ROOT . '/sites/development.services.yml';`.
+```
+parameters:
+  http.respone.debug_cacheability_headers: true
+  twig.config:
+    debug: true
+    auto_reload: true
+    cache: false
+```
+
 ### Pretty print arrays/objects printed to watchdog.
 ```
 \Drupal::logger('my_module')->debug(kpr($var, TRUE));

diff --git a/Debugging.md b/Debugging.md
@@ -1,4 +1,11 @@
 ## Debugging
+### Display all errrors.
+```
+ini_set('display_errors', 1);
+ini_set('display_startup_errors', 1);
+error_reporting(E_ALL);
+```
+
 ### Pretty print arrays/objects printed to watchdog.
 ```
 \Drupal::logger('my_module')->debug(kpr($var, TRUE));

diff --git a/Entities.md b/Entities.md
@@ -36,3 +36,4 @@ Code | Field not empty | Field empty | Not a field
 :--- | :--- | :--- | :---
 !empty($node->field_entity_ref) | TRUE | TRUE | FALSE
 !empty($node->field_entity_ref->first()) | TRUE | FALSE | PHP Error
+!empty($node->field_entity_ref->first()->entity) | TRUE | FALSE | PHP Error
diff --git a/Fields.md b/Fields.md
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+Whether a multifield or single field, you can use `->first()`, but if you leave it off, it'll automatically get the first value.
+
+### Entity reference
+```
+$node->field_ref->target_id; // Entity ID.
+$node->field_ref->entity; // Full entity.
+```
+
+### URL
+```
+$node->field_url->uri;
+$node->field_url->title;
+$node->field_url->options; // Array of options.
+```
diff --git a/Entities.md b/Entities.md
@@ -29,4 +29,10 @@ $new_field = BaseFieldDefinition::create('string')
 ### Apply all updates to entities.
 ```
 \Drupal::entityDefinitionUpdateManager()->applyUpdates();
-```
+```
+
+### Checking for existence of fields on entities
+Code | Field not empty | Field empty | Not a field
+:--- | :--- | :--- | :---
+!empty($node->field_entity_ref) | TRUE | TRUE | FALSE
+!empty($node->field_entity_ref->first()) | TRUE | FALSE | PHP Error
diff --git a/Blocks.md b/Blocks.md
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+### Render custom blocks
+```
+$bid = 'myblock';
+$block = \Drupal\block_content\Entity\BlockContent::load($bid);
+$render = \Drupal::entityTypeManager()->getViewBuilder('block_content')->view($block);
+```
+
+### Render plugin blocks
+```
+$block_manager = \Drupal::service('plugin.manager.block');
+$config = [];
+$plugin_block = $block_manager->createInstance('system_breadcrumb_block', $config);
+$access_result = $plugin_block->access(\Drupal::currentUser());
+if (is_object($access_result) && $access_result->isForbidden() || is_bool($access_result) && !$access_result) {
+  return [];
+}
+$render = $plugin_block->build();
+```
diff --git a/Rendering.md b/Rendering.md
@@ -23,4 +23,10 @@ $view = $view_builder->viewField($node->get('body'), [
   'settings' => ['link' => FALSE],
 ]);
 $output = render($view);
+```
+
+### Rendering something outside of a Drupal bootstrap (ex: testing)
+When you can't use `render()` then you need to do this:
+```
+\Drupal::service('renderer')->renderRoot($render_array);
 ```
diff --git a/Debugging.md b/Debugging.md
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
 ## Debugging
+### Pretty print arrays/objects printed to watchdog.
+```
+\Drupal::logger('my_module')->debug(kpr($var, TRUE));
+```
+
 ### Debug backtrace any error.
 ```
 // This function exists in core/includes/bootstrap.inc.

diff --git a/Views.md b/Views.md
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+### Load a view, execute, render.
+```
+use Drupal\views\Views;
+$view = Views::getView('my_view');
+$view->setDisplay('my_display');
+$view->preExecute();
+$view->execute();
+$view->render();
+```
+
+### Get query object (only after executing the view).
+```
+$query = $view->query;
+```
diff --git a/Files.md b/Files.md
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+### Load a file
+```
+$file = \Drupal\file\Entity\File::load(1007);
+OR
+$file = \Drupal::entityTypeManager()->getStorage('file')->load(1007);
+```
+
+### Working with file entities
+```
+// Get the URI (including wrapper, such as public://).
+$uri = $file->getFileUri();
+
+// Get the full URL path.
+$url = file_create_url($file->getFileUri());
+
+// Get relative path of the URL (w/o domain).
+$path = file_url_transform_relative($url);
+```
diff --git a/DB Stuff.md b/DB Stuff.md
@@ -10,6 +10,13 @@ $results = \Drupal::database()->query('select * from purge_queue')->fetchAll();
 $entity_query->addTag('debug')->execute();
 ```
 
+### IS NULL (and IS NOT NULL) checks on entityQuery.
+```
+$result = \Drupal::entityQuery('node')
+  ->condition('field_banner_code', NULL, 'IS NULL')
+  ->execute();
+```
+
 ### Delete all 'event' nodes.
 ```
 $result = \Drupal::entityQuery('node')

diff --git a/Config and State.md b/Config and State.md
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+## Config
+
+### Get a config.
+```
+\Drupal::service('config.factory')->getEditable('system.performance');
+```
+
+### Update a config value.
+```
+\Drupal::service('config.factory')->getEditable('system.performance')->set('cache.page.enabled', 1)->save();
+```
+
+## State
+
+### Update a state value.
+```
+\Drupal::service('state')->set('du_admission_steps.importer.last_run', NULL);
+```
diff --git a/Drupal 8 Tips.md b/Drupal 8 Tips.md
@@ -6,4 +6,8 @@ https://www.drupal.org/docs/8/api/routing-system/altering-existing-routes-and-ad
 
 ### Adding Custom Variable to Drupal.settings
 
-https://docs.acquia.com/tutorials/fast-track-drupal-8-coding/add-custom-variable-drupalsettings/
+https://docs.acquia.com/tutorials/fast-track-drupal-8-coding/add-custom-variable-drupalsettings/
+
+### Service Decorators
+
+https://www.axelerant.com/resources/team-blog/drupal-8-service-decorators
diff --git a/Adding Libraries.md b/Adding Libraries.md
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-## Adding Libraries
-### In preprocess function or controller function.
-```
-$variables['#attached']['library'][] = 'lotus/lotus-js';
-```
-
-### In twig template file.
-```
-{{ attach_library('hcpl_zen/title-record') }}
-```

diff --git a/Libraries.md b/Libraries.md
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+## Adding Libraries
+### In preprocess function or controller function.
+```
+$variables['#attached']['library'][] = 'lotus/lotus-js';
+```
+
+### In twig template file.
+```
+{{ attach_library('hcpl_zen/title-record') }}
+```
+
+## Miscellaneous
+### Overriding libraries
+```
+// Libraries is an array of the library data.
+// Extension is 'core' or the module/theme that defined the libraries.
+function hook_library_info_alter(&$libraries, $extension)
+```
diff --git a/Adding Libraries b/Adding Libraries
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-// In preprocess function or controller function.
-$variables['#attached']['library'][] = 'lotus/lotus-js';
-
-// In twig template file.
-{{ attach_library('hcpl_zen/title-record') }}

diff --git a/Adding Libraries.md b/Adding Libraries.md
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+## Adding Libraries
+### In preprocess function or controller function.
+```
+$variables['#attached']['library'][] = 'lotus/lotus-js';
+```
+
+### In twig template file.
+```
+{{ attach_library('hcpl_zen/title-record') }}
+```
diff --git a/Debugging.txt → Debugging.md b/Debugging.txt → Debugging.md
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-// Debug backtrace any error.
+## Debugging
+### Debug backtrace any error.
+```
 // This function exists in core/includes/bootstrap.inc.
 // Just need to add lines 6-8 to it.
 function _drupal_error_handler($error_level, $message, $filename, $line, $context) {
@@ -8,13 +10,18 @@ function _drupal_error_handler($error_level, $message, $filename, $line, $contex
   ksm($message, $d);
   _drupal_error_handler_real($error_level, $message, $filename, $line, $context);
 }
+```
 
-// Debugging search API solr queries:
+### Debugging search API solr queries:
+```
 // You can output the Request object using kint/kpm, but it can be hard
 // to figure out where to set the debugging code. The best place is in
 // the executeRequest function in the following file:
 // search_api_solr/src/SolrConnector/SolrConnectorPluginBase.php
+```
 
-// Starting point for debugging ElasticSearch stuff, in the file
+### Starting point for debugging ElasticSearch stuff, in the file
+```
 // src/ElasticSearch/Parameters/Builder/SearchBuilder.php:
-// Add ksm at the end of build() and getSearchQueryOptions()
+// Add ksm at the end of build() and getSearchQueryOptions()
+```
diff --git a/Misc.php → Misc.md b/Misc.php → Misc.md
@@ -1,30 +1,49 @@
-// Get the node from the current path.
+## Miscellaneous
+### Get the node from the current path.
+```
 $node = \Drupal::routeMatch()->getParameter('node');
+```
 
-// Get current path.
+### Get current path.
+```
 $path = \Drupal::service('path.current')->getPath();
+```
 
-// Get path arguments (from path above).
+### Get path arguments (from path above).
+```
 $path_args = explode('/', $path);
+```
 
-// Get the current route.
+### Get the current route.
+```
 $route_name = \Drupal::service('current_route_match')->getRouteName();
+```
 
-// Get the query parameter from a GET request.
+### Get the query parameter from a GET request.
+```
 $name = \Drupal::request()->query->get('name');
+```
 
-// Get the parameter from a POST request.
+### Get the parameter from a POST request.
+```
 $name = \Drupal::request()->request->get('name');
+```
 
-// Get the host (ex: www.google.com).
+### Get the host (ex: www.google.com).
+```
 $host = \Drupal::request()->getHost();
+```
 
-// Redirect.
+### Redirect.
+```
 use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\RedirectResponse;
 new RedirectResponse(\Drupal::url($route_name));
+```
 
-// Add t() to classes (services, controllers, etc)
+### Add t() to classes (services, controllers, etc)
+```
 use Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\StringTranslationTrait;
 class MyClass {
   use StringTranslationTrait;
-}
+}
+```
diff --git a/Search.php → Search.md b/Search.php → Search.md
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
-# Trigger select entities to be re-indexed through the Search API.
-# This is for Title Record entities, but any entity will do.
-
+## Search
+### Trigger select entities to be re-indexed through the Search API.
+```
+// This is for Title Record entities, but any entity will do.
 use Drupal\search_api\Plugin\search_api\datasource\ContentEntity;
 use Drupal\omega_hub\Entity\TitleRecord;
 $entity_ids = [507863, 509240, 513703, 515100, 536124, 537058, 541569];
@@ -12,4 +13,5 @@
 $indexes = ContentEntity::getIndexesForEntity($entity);
 foreach ($indexes as $index) {
   $index->trackItemsUpdated('entity:title_record', $update_ids);
-}
+}
+```
diff --git a/DB Stuff.md b/DB Stuff.md
@@ -1,10 +1,14 @@
 ## DB Stuff
 
 ### Simple database query.
-```$results = \Drupal::database()->query('select * from purge_queue')->fetchAll();```
+```
+$results = \Drupal::database()->query('select * from purge_queue')->fetchAll();
+```
 
 ### Debugging an entity query, enable the devel module and add tag before execute.
-```$entity_query->addTag('debug')->execute();```
+```
+$entity_query->addTag('debug')->execute();
+```
 
 ### Delete all 'event' nodes.
 ```

diff --git a/Entities.md b/Entities.md
@@ -6,7 +6,9 @@ $search_api_index = \Drupal::entityTypeManager()->getStorage('search_api')->load
 ```
 
 ### Load multiple entities (if no param is passed, all entities are loaded).
-```$node = \Drupal::entityTypeManager()->getStorage('node')->loadMultiple($entity_ids);```
+```
+$node = \Drupal::entityTypeManager()->getStorage('node')->loadMultiple($entity_ids);
+```
 
 ### Delete multiple entities.
 ```
@@ -25,4 +27,6 @@ $new_field = BaseFieldDefinition::create('string')
 ```
 
 ### Apply all updates to entities.
-```\Drupal::entityDefinitionUpdateManager()->applyUpdates();```
+```
+\Drupal::entityDefinitionUpdateManager()->applyUpdates();
+```
diff --git a/URLs and Links.md b/URLs and Links.md
@@ -32,7 +32,9 @@ $renderable_link = Link::fromTextAndUrl($text, Url $url);
 ```
 
 ### Create a link from route (skip having to use Url class).
-```Link::createFromRoute($text, $route_name, ['arg1' => 'value'], ['attributes' => ['class' => 'use-ajax']]);```
+```
+Link::createFromRoute($text, $route_name, ['arg1' => 'value'], ['attributes' => ['class' => 'use-ajax']]);
+```
 
 ### Convert above link to render array or link string.
 ```

diff --git a/Users.md b/Users.md
@@ -1,9 +1,15 @@
 ## Users
 ### Load a user.
-```$node = \Drupal::entityTypeManager()->getStorage('user')->load(23);```
+```
+$node = \Drupal::entityTypeManager()->getStorage('user')->load(23);
+```
 
 ### Get current user.
-```$account = \Drupal::currentUser();```
+```
+$account = \Drupal::currentUser();
+```
 
 ### Get current user ID.
-```$account = \Drupal::currentUser()->id();```
+```
+$account = \Drupal::currentUser()->id();
+```
diff --git a/DB Stuff.md b/DB Stuff.md
@@ -7,29 +7,33 @@
 ```$entity_query->addTag('debug')->execute();```
 
 ### Delete all 'event' nodes.
-```$result = \Drupal::entityQuery('node')
+```
+$result = \Drupal::entityQuery('node')
   ->condition('type', 'event')
   ->execute();
 entity_delete_multiple('node', $result);
 // Add ->range(0, 10) to delete a range
 ```
 
 ### Insert statement.
-```$query = \Drupal::database()->insert('purge_queue');
+```
+$query = \Drupal::database()->insert('purge_queue');
 $query->fields(['data', 'created']);
 $query->values(['a:4:{i:0;s:3:"url";i:1;a:4:{s:10:"66849f6f11";i:3;s:10:"c990b129a0";i:3;s:10:"c618828456";i:3;s:10:"453d844ea2";i:3;}i:2;s:66:"http://www.example.com";i:3;a:0:{}}', time()]);
 $query->execute();
 ```
 
 ### Update statement.
-```$query = \Drupal::database()->update('mcpl_events_feeds_item');
+```
+$query = \Drupal::database()->update('mcpl_events_feeds_item');
 $query->fields(['hash' => 'update']);
 $query->condition('nid', 1);
 $query->execute();
 ```
 
 ### Delete statement.
-```$query = \Drupal::database()->delete('purge_queue');
+```
+$query = \Drupal::database()->delete('purge_queue');
 $query->condition('data', '%url%', 'LIKE');
 $query->execute();
 ```
diff --git a/Entities.md b/Entities.md
@@ -1,21 +1,24 @@
 ## Entities
 ### Load an entity. Can be a config entity also.
-```$node = \Drupal::entityTypeManager()->getStorage('node')->load(23);
+```
+$node = \Drupal::entityTypeManager()->getStorage('node')->load(23);
 $search_api_index = \Drupal::entityTypeManager()->getStorage('search_api')->load('title_records');
 ```
 
 ### Load multiple entities (if no param is passed, all entities are loaded).
 ```$node = \Drupal::entityTypeManager()->getStorage('node')->loadMultiple($entity_ids);```
 
 ### Delete multiple entities.
-```$result = \Drupal::entityQuery('taxonomy_term')
+```
+$result = \Drupal::entityQuery('taxonomy_term')
       ->condition('vid', 'libraries')
       ->execute();
 entity_delete_multiple('taxonomy_term', $result);
 ```
 
 ### Adding a new field to a custom entity.
-```$new_field = BaseFieldDefinition::create('string')
+```
+$new_field = BaseFieldDefinition::create('string')
   ->setLabel(new TranslatableMarkup('New Field'))
   ->setDescription(new TranslatableMarkup('New field description.'));
 \Drupal::entityDefinitionUpdateManager()->installFieldStorageDefinition('<field_name>', '<entity_type_id>', '<provider>', $new_field);

diff --git a/Images.md b/Images.md
@@ -1,18 +1,21 @@
 ## Images
 ### Render array for an image style.
-```$render = [
+```
+$render = [
   '#theme' => 'image_style',
   '#style_name' => 'thumbnail',
   '#uri' => 'public://my-image.png',
 ];
 ```
 
 ### Image style, get URL (full URL including http://).
-```$style = \Drupal::entityTypeManager()->getStorage('image_style')->load('thumbnail');
+```
+$style = \Drupal::entityTypeManager()->getStorage('image_style')->load('thumbnail');
 $image_url = $style->buildUrl('public://du_content_gallery-article.jpg');
 ```
 
 ### Image style, get URI (public://path-to-image-style).
-```$style = ImageStyle::load('thumbnail');
+```
+$style = ImageStyle::load('thumbnail');
 $image_url = $style->buildUri('public://du_content_gallery-article.jpg');
 ```
diff --git a/Migrations.php → Migrations.md b/Migrations.php → Migrations.md
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-// Run an update migration.
+## Migrations
+### Run an update migration.
+```
 // Remove the prepareUpdate() section if you just want a normal import.
 // To rollback just change 'import' to 'rollback'.
 $migration = \Drupal::service('plugin.manager.migration')->createInstance('machine_name');
@@ -10,16 +12,22 @@
 // limit to limit the number of migrations to perform, and idlist to only migrate certain source
 // IDs.
 // Example: ['limit' => 10, 'idlist' => '1,2,3']
+```
 
-// Interrupt a migration (stop it).
+### Interrupt a migration (stop it).
+```
 $migration = \Drupal::service('plugin.manager.migration')->createInstance('machine_name');
 $migration->interruptMigration(\Drupal\migrate\Plugin\MigrationInterface::RESULT_STOPPED);
+```
 
-// Set a migration status to Idle.
+### Set a migration status to Idle.
+```
 $migration = \Drupal::service('plugin.manager.migration')->createInstance('machine_name');
 $migration->setStatus(\Drupal\migrate\Plugin\MigrationInterface::STATUS_IDLE);
+```
 
-// Run a migration on page load (w/?start-migration appended) for xdebug walkthrough.
+### Run a migration on page load (w/?start-migration appended) for xdebug walkthrough.
+```
 use Drupal\migrate\MigrateExecutable;
 use Drupal\migrate\MigrateMessage;
 
@@ -36,3 +44,4 @@ function example_module_preprocess_page(&$vars) {
     }
   }
 }
+```
diff --git a/Modules.md b/Modules.md
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+## Modules
+### Installing and uninstalling modules.
+```
+\Drupal::service('module_installer')->install(['media']);
+\Drupal::service('module_installer')->uninstall(['media']);
+```
diff --git a/Modules.php b/Modules.php
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-// Installing and uninstalling modules.
-\Drupal::service('module_installer')->install(['media']);
-\Drupal::service('module_installer')->uninstall(['media']);

diff --git a/Purge Queue.php b/Purge Queue.php
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-// Add URL to purge queue.
-
-// Get the purge services.
-$purgeInvalidationFactory = \Drupal::service('purge.invalidation.factory');
-$purgeQueuers = \Drupal::service('purge.queuers');
-$purgeQueue = \Drupal::service('purge.queue');
-
-// Get the urlpath queuer and add the full URL to invalidate.
-$queuer = $purgeQueuers->get('urlpath');
-$invalidations = [
-  $purgeInvalidationFactory->get('url', '<url>'),
-];
-$purgeQueue->add($queuer, $invalidations);
-

diff --git a/Rendering.php → Rendering.md b/Rendering.php → Rendering.md
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-// Render an entity.
+## Rendering
+### Render an entity.
+```
 $nid = 1;
 $entity_type = 'node';
 $view_mode = 'teaser';
@@ -7,8 +9,10 @@
 $node = $storage->load($nid);
 $build = $view_builder->view($node, $view_mode);
 $output = render($build);
+```
 
-// Render a field.
+### Render a field.
+```
 $view_builder = \Drupal::entityTypeManager()->getViewBuilder('node');
 $storage = \Drupal::entityTypeManager()->getStorage('node');
 $nid = 1;
@@ -18,4 +22,5 @@
   'label' => 'hidden',
   'settings' => ['link' => FALSE],
 ]);
-$output = render($view);
+$output = render($view);
+```
diff --git a/URLs and Links.md b/URLs and Links.md
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+## URLS
+### URL from route.
+```
+use Drupal\Core\Url;
+$url = Url::fromRoute($route_name, $params);
+```
+
+### URL from URI.
+```
+use Drupal\Core\Url;
+$url = Url::fromUri('internal:/mypath/to/style.css');
+```
+
+### Add options to an existing URL (classes, target, etc).
+```
+$url->setOptions([
+  'attributes' => [
+    'target' => '_blank',
+  ],
+]);
+```
+
+## Links
+### Generate a link.
+```
+$my_link = \Drupal::service('link_generator')->generate($text, Url $url);
+```
+OR
+```
+use Drupal\Core\Link;
+$renderable_link = Link::fromTextAndUrl($text, Url $url);
+```
+
+### Create a link from route (skip having to use Url class).
+```Link::createFromRoute($text, $route_name, ['arg1' => 'value'], ['attributes' => ['class' => 'use-ajax']]);```
+
+### Convert above link to render array or link string.
+```
+$link_render_array = $renderable_link->toRenderable();
+$link_string = $renderable_link->toString();
+```
diff --git a/URLs and Links.php b/URLs and Links.php
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-// URL from route.
-use Drupal\Core\Url;
-$url = Url::fromRoute($route_name, $params);
-
-// URL from URI.
-use Drupal\Core\Url;
-$url = Url::fromUri('internal:/mypath/to/style.css');
-
-// Add options to an existing URL (classes, target, etc).
-$url->setOptions([
-  'attributes' => [
-    'target' => '_blank',
-  ],
-]);
-
-// Generate a link.
-$my_link = \Drupal::service('link_generator')->generate($text, Url $url);
-OR
-use Drupal\Core\Link;
-$renderable_link = Link::fromTextAndUrl($text, Url $url);
-
-// Create a link from route (skip having to use Url class).
-Link::createFromRoute($text, $route_name, ['arg1' => 'value'], ['attributes' => ['class' => 'use-ajax']]);
-
-// Convert above link to render array or link string.
-$link_render_array = $renderable_link->toRenderable();
-$link_string = $renderable_link->toString();

diff --git a/User.php b/User.php
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-// Load a user.
-$node = \Drupal::entityTypeManager()->getStorage('user')->load(23);
-
-// Get current user.
-$account = \Drupal::currentUser();
-
-// Get current user ID.
-$account = \Drupal::currentUser()->id();

diff --git a/Users.md b/Users.md
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+## Users
+### Load a user.
+```$node = \Drupal::entityTypeManager()->getStorage('user')->load(23);```
+
+### Get current user.
+```$account = \Drupal::currentUser();```
+
+### Get current user ID.
+```$account = \Drupal::currentUser()->id();```
diff --git a/DB Stuff.md b/DB Stuff.md
@@ -6,26 +6,30 @@
 ### Debugging an entity query, enable the devel module and add tag before execute.
 ```$entity_query->addTag('debug')->execute();```
 
-// Delete all 'event' nodes.
-$result = \Drupal::entityQuery('node')
+### Delete all 'event' nodes.
+```$result = \Drupal::entityQuery('node')
   ->condition('type', 'event')
   ->execute();
 entity_delete_multiple('node', $result);
 // Add ->range(0, 10) to delete a range
+```
 
-// Insert statement.
-$query = \Drupal::database()->insert('purge_queue');
+### Insert statement.
+```$query = \Drupal::database()->insert('purge_queue');
 $query->fields(['data', 'created']);
 $query->values(['a:4:{i:0;s:3:"url";i:1;a:4:{s:10:"66849f6f11";i:3;s:10:"c990b129a0";i:3;s:10:"c618828456";i:3;s:10:"453d844ea2";i:3;}i:2;s:66:"http://www.example.com";i:3;a:0:{}}', time()]);
 $query->execute();
+```
 
-// Update statement.
-$query = \Drupal::database()->update('mcpl_events_feeds_item');
+### Update statement.
+```$query = \Drupal::database()->update('mcpl_events_feeds_item');
 $query->fields(['hash' => 'update']);
 $query->condition('nid', 1);
 $query->execute();
+```
 
-// Delete statement.
-$query = \Drupal::database()->delete('purge_queue');
+### Delete statement.
+```$query = \Drupal::database()->delete('purge_queue');
 $query->condition('data', '%url%', 'LIKE');
 $query->execute();
+```
diff --git a/Drupal 8 Tips.md b/Drupal 8 Tips.md
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
-## Alter existing routes
+## Drupal 8 Tips
+
+### Alter existing routes
 
 https://www.drupal.org/docs/8/api/routing-system/altering-existing-routes-and-adding-new-routes-based-on-dynamic-ones
 
-## Adding Custom Variable to Drupal.settings
+### Adding Custom Variable to Drupal.settings
 
 https://docs.acquia.com/tutorials/fast-track-drupal-8-coding/add-custom-variable-drupalsettings/
diff --git a/Entities.md b/Entities.md
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+## Entities
+### Load an entity. Can be a config entity also.
+```$node = \Drupal::entityTypeManager()->getStorage('node')->load(23);
+$search_api_index = \Drupal::entityTypeManager()->getStorage('search_api')->load('title_records');
+```
+
+### Load multiple entities (if no param is passed, all entities are loaded).
+```$node = \Drupal::entityTypeManager()->getStorage('node')->loadMultiple($entity_ids);```
+
+### Delete multiple entities.
+```$result = \Drupal::entityQuery('taxonomy_term')
+      ->condition('vid', 'libraries')
+      ->execute();
+entity_delete_multiple('taxonomy_term', $result);
+```
+
+### Adding a new field to a custom entity.
+```$new_field = BaseFieldDefinition::create('string')
+  ->setLabel(new TranslatableMarkup('New Field'))
+  ->setDescription(new TranslatableMarkup('New field description.'));
+\Drupal::entityDefinitionUpdateManager()->installFieldStorageDefinition('<field_name>', '<entity_type_id>', '<provider>', $new_field);
+```
+
+### Apply all updates to entities.
+```\Drupal::entityDefinitionUpdateManager()->applyUpdates();```
diff --git a/Entities.php b/Entities.php
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-// Load an entity. Can be a config entity also.
-$node = \Drupal::entityTypeManager()->getStorage('node')->load(23);
-$search_api_index = \Drupal::entityTypeManager()->getStorage('search_api')->load('title_records');
-
-// Load multiple entities (if no param is passed, all entities are loaded).
-$node = \Drupal::entityTypeManager()->getStorage('node')->loadMultiple($entity_ids);
-
-// Delete multiple entities.
-$result = \Drupal::entityQuery('taxonomy_term')
-      ->condition('vid', 'libraries')
-      ->execute();
-entity_delete_multiple('taxonomy_term', $result);
-
-// Adding a new field to a custom entity.
-$new_field = BaseFieldDefinition::create('string')
-  ->setLabel(new TranslatableMarkup('New Field'))
-  ->setDescription(new TranslatableMarkup('New field description.'));
-\Drupal::entityDefinitionUpdateManager()->installFieldStorageDefinition('<field_name>', '<entity_type_id>', '<provider>', $new_field);
-
-// Apply all updates to entities.
-\Drupal::entityDefinitionUpdateManager()->applyUpdates();

diff --git a/Images.md b/Images.md
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+## Images
+### Render array for an image style.
+```$render = [
+  '#theme' => 'image_style',
+  '#style_name' => 'thumbnail',
+  '#uri' => 'public://my-image.png',
+];
+```
+
+### Image style, get URL (full URL including http://).
+```$style = \Drupal::entityTypeManager()->getStorage('image_style')->load('thumbnail');
+$image_url = $style->buildUrl('public://du_content_gallery-article.jpg');
+```
+
+### Image style, get URI (public://path-to-image-style).
+```$style = ImageStyle::load('thumbnail');
+$image_url = $style->buildUri('public://du_content_gallery-article.jpg');
+```
diff --git a/Images.php b/Images.php
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-// Render array for an image style.
-$render = [
-  '#theme' => 'image_style',
-  '#style_name' => 'thumbnail',
-  '#uri' => 'public://my-image.png',
-];
-
-// Image style, get URL (full URL including http://).
-$style = \Drupal::entityTypeManager()->getStorage('image_style')->load('thumbnail');
-$image_url = $style->buildUrl('public://du_content_gallery-article.jpg');
-
-// Image style, get URI (public://path-to-image-style).
-$style = ImageStyle::load('thumbnail');
-$image_url = $style->buildUri('public://du_content_gallery-article.jpg');

diff --git a/DB Stuff.php → DB Stuff.md b/DB Stuff.php → DB Stuff.md
diff --git a/DB Stuff.php b/DB Stuff.php
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
-// Simple database query.
-$results = \Drupal::database()->query('select * from purge_queue')->fetchAll();
+## DB Stuff
 
-// Debugging an entity query, enable the devel module and add tag before execute.
-$entity_query->addTag('debug')->execute();
+### Simple database query.
+```$results = \Drupal::database()->query('select * from purge_queue')->fetchAll();```
+
+### Debugging an entity query, enable the devel module and add tag before execute.
+```$entity_query->addTag('debug')->execute();```
 
 // Delete all 'event' nodes.
 $result = \Drupal::entityQuery('node')

diff --git a/Images.php b/Images.php
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+// Render array for an image style.
+$render = [
+  '#theme' => 'image_style',
+  '#style_name' => 'thumbnail',
+  '#uri' => 'public://my-image.png',
+];
+
+// Image style, get URL (full URL including http://).
+$style = \Drupal::entityTypeManager()->getStorage('image_style')->load('thumbnail');
+$image_url = $style->buildUrl('public://du_content_gallery-article.jpg');
+
+// Image style, get URI (public://path-to-image-style).
+$style = ImageStyle::load('thumbnail');
+$image_url = $style->buildUri('public://du_content_gallery-article.jpg');
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