markthomas93 · February 19, 2025 10:35 · Feb 19, 2025 · Dec 2, 2024 · Dec 2, 2024 · Dec 2, 2024
diff --git a/README.md → QEMU PowerPC G4 OS X Tiger (10.4) setup.md b/README.md → QEMU PowerPC G4 OS X Tiger (10.4) setup.md
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ Blog 2020/5/7
 
 # QEMU PowerPC G4 OS X Tiger (10.4) setup
 
+EDIT 2024/12/1: I updated a few of these commands to work with qemu 9.x.
+
 Here are some notes on how I set up an installation of [OS X Tiger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Tiger) (10.4)
 on an emulated [PowerPC G4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC_G4) using [QEMU](https://www.qemu.org/),
 on a modern x86_64 Mac.

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
@@ -125,6 +125,8 @@ hdiutil convert Tiger_Updates.dmg -format UDTO -o tiger-updates.cdr
 
 We can now use `tiger-updates.cdr` as a virtual DVD with QEMU.
 
+EDIT: alternatively, just boot Tiger (without `-cdrom tiger-updates.cdr`), open Safari, type in http://leopard.sh/dist/orig/ and download MacOSXUpdCombo10.4.11PPC.dmg.  I maintain a non-HTTPS server so that old macs can still access it.
+
 Boot the G4 and create a user account:
 
 ```

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ or you can download and install them manually.
 The manual route is quicker because some of the updates are bundled, and you don't have to wait on Software Update to detect which updates have / haven't been installed yet.
 
 To install the updates manually,
-download (on your host Mac) [item #29 (Tiger_Updates.dmg_.zip)](https://macintoshgarden.org/apps/mac-osx-mac-os-10-ppc)
+download (on your host Mac) [item #33 (Tiger_Updates.dmg_.zip)](https://macintoshgarden.org/apps/mac-osx-mac-os-10-ppc)
 from the "Mac OS X for PPC" [page](https://macintoshgarden.org/apps/mac-osx-mac-os-10-ppc)
 of [macintoshgarden.org](https://macintoshgarden.org/).
 

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ In this step we will install TenFourFox, VLC and TextWrangler.
 Create a snapshot of the disk:
 
 ```
-qemu-img create -f qcow2 -b 2-updates.qcow2 3-browser.qcow2
+qemu-img create -f qcow2 -b 2-updates.qcow2 -F qcow2 3-browser.qcow2
 ```
 
 [TenFourFox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TenFourFox) is a fork of the [Firefox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefox) web browser which is currently supported on Tiger/PPC.
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ In this step we will set up a development environment for building modern Unix s
 Create a snapshot of the disk:
 
 ```
-qemu-img create -f qcow2 -b 3-browser.qcow2 4-tigerbrew.qcow2
+qemu-img create -f qcow2 -b 3-browser.qcow2 -F qcow2 4-tigerbrew.qcow2
 ```
 
 The latest version of [Xcode Tools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xcode) for Tiger/PPC is 2.5,
@@ -392,9 +392,9 @@ and create snapshots based off of it, perhaps to try out some experimental tiger
 
 ```
 chmod ugo-w combined.qcow2
-qemu-img create -f qcow2 -b combined.qcow2 experiment-1.qcow2
-qemu-img create -f qcow2 -b combined.qcow2 experiment-2.qcow2
-qemu-img create -f qcow2 -b combined.qcow2 experiment-3.qcow2
+qemu-img create -f qcow2 -b combined.qcow2 -F qcow2 experiment-1.qcow2
+qemu-img create -f qcow2 -b combined.qcow2 -F qcow2 experiment-2.qcow2
+qemu-img create -f qcow2 -b combined.qcow2 -F qcow2 experiment-3.qcow2
 ```
 
 Perhaps in `experiment-1.qcow2` we try out `gcc-7`, and in `experiment-2.qcow2` we try out `llvm`, etc.
@@ -405,8 +405,8 @@ Each of these snapshots can be used with the above command line as the `-hda` ar
 We could even create further branches off of e.g. `experiment-2.qcow2`:
 
 ```
-qemu-img create -f qcow2 -b experiment-2.qcow2 experiment-2A.qcow2
-qemu-img create -f qcow2 -b experiment-2.qcow2 experiment-2B.qcow2
+qemu-img create -f qcow2 -b experiment-2.qcow2 -F qcow2 experiment-2A.qcow2
+qemu-img create -f qcow2 -b experiment-2.qcow2 -F qcow2 experiment-2B.qcow2
 ```
 
 Perhaps we decide that `experiment-2B.qcow2` was the keeper and the rest can be gotten rid of?
@@ -426,15 +426,15 @@ we could make a "daily driver" snapshot for web browsing based off of `3-browser
 and a "dev box" for doing development work based off of `4-tigerbrew.qcow2`:
 
 ```
-qemu-img create -f qcow2 -b 3-browser.qcow2 daily-driver.qcow2
-qemu-img create -f qcow2 -b 4-tigerbrew.qcow2 dev-box.qcow2
+qemu-img create -f qcow2 -b 3-browser.qcow2 -F qcow2 daily-driver.qcow2
+qemu-img create -f qcow2 -b 4-tigerbrew.qcow2 -F qcow2 dev-box.qcow2
 ```
 
 Let's say we accidentally hosed our dev box with a careless `rm -rf /`.  Starting over with a new dev box is trivial:
 
 ```
 rm dev-box.qcow2
-qemu-img create -f qcow2 -b 4-tigerbrew.qcow2 dev-box.qcow2
+qemu-img create -f qcow2 -b 4-tigerbrew.qcow2 -F qcow2 dev-box.qcow2
 ```
 
 Etc :)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ In this step we will create a user account and install all of the system updates
 Create a snapshot of the disk (think of this as [forking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fork_(software_development)) the hard drive):
 
 ```
-qemu-img create -f qcow2 -b 1-fresh.qcow2 2-updates.qcow2
+qemu-img create -f qcow2 -b 1-fresh.qcow2 -F qcow2 2-updates.qcow2
 ```
 
 The system updates can either be installed using the Software Update utility (iteratively repeated across many reboots),

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ The install will take quite some time (over an hour).  When it completes, it wil
 
 ![Screen Shot 2020-05-07 at 2 47 48 AM](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/223396/81268155-323c2b00-900d-11ea-8455-24d06212de87.png)
 
-At this point you may (physically) eject the installation DVD (from your host Mac).
+~~At this point you may (physically) eject the installation DVD (from your host Mac).~~
 
 Mark the disk as read-only to prevent any accidental writes to it (which would cause any snapshots based on this disk to become corrupt):
 

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
@@ -43,10 +43,10 @@ If you see the grey Apple logo, the DVD is working correctly with QEMU:
 
 ![Screen Shot 2020-05-07 at 2 01 16 AM](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/223396/81264785-a83d9380-9007-11ea-96b9-9438408b1a19.png)
 
-Quit QEMU and create a 32GB QEMU disk (note: this file will grow in size as OS X uses more space, it will not initially occupy 32GB):
+Quit QEMU and create a 127GB QEMU disk (note: this file will grow in size as OS X uses more space, it will not initially occupy 127GB):
 
 ```
-qemu-img create -f qcow2 1-fresh.qcow2 32G
+qemu-img create -f qcow2 1-fresh.qcow2 127G
 ```
 
 Boot the install DVD with the disk attached and begin the installation.  QEMU will exit when the installer reboots.

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
@@ -43,13 +43,13 @@ If you see the grey Apple logo, the DVD is working correctly with QEMU:
 
 ![Screen Shot 2020-05-07 at 2 01 16 AM](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/223396/81264785-a83d9380-9007-11ea-96b9-9438408b1a19.png)
 
-Quit QEMU and create a 127GB QEMU disk:
+Quit QEMU and create a 32GB QEMU disk (note: this file will grow in size as OS X uses more space, it will not initially occupy 32GB):
 
 ```
-qemu-img create -f qcow2 1-fresh.qcow2 127G
+qemu-img create -f qcow2 1-fresh.qcow2 32G
 ```
 
-Boot the install DVD with the disk attached and being the installation.  QEMU will exit when the installer reboots.
+Boot the install DVD with the disk attached and begin the installation.  QEMU will exit when the installer reboots.
 
 ```
 qemu-system-ppc \

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
@@ -27,10 +27,15 @@ Download a copy of the
 ~~_Note: for some reason qemu does not seem to be able to boot `.iso` files of the OS X installation DVD (using `-cdrom tiger.iso`),
 but if you burn that `.iso` to a physical DVD and then use `-cdrom /dev/disk2`, it works._~~ UPDATE: I revisited this with qemu 9.1.2 and it boots directly from a .toast file.
 
-Boot the DVD to verify it works:
+Rename the .toast file to something more convenient:
 
 ```
 mv 691-5305-A\,2Z\,Mac\ OS\ X\ v10.4\ Tiger.\ Includes\ Xcode\ 2.\ Install\ Disc_2005\ \(DVD\).toast tiger.toast
+```
+
+Boot the DVD to verify it works:
+
+```
 qemu-system-ppc -L pc-bios -M mac99,via=pmu -m 512 -cdrom tiger.toast -boot d
 ```
 

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ Download a copy of the
 ~~and burn it to a physical DVD~~.
 
 ~~_Note: for some reason qemu does not seem to be able to boot `.iso` files of the OS X installation DVD (using `-cdrom tiger.iso`),
-but if you burn that `.iso` to a physical DVD and then use `-cdrom /dev/disk2`, it works.~~ UPDATE: I revisited this with qemu 9.1.2 and it boots directly from a .toast file.
+but if you burn that `.iso` to a physical DVD and then use `-cdrom /dev/disk2`, it works._~~ UPDATE: I revisited this with qemu 9.1.2 and it boots directly from a .toast file.
 
 Boot the DVD to verify it works:
 

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ Download a copy of the
 ~~and burn it to a physical DVD~~.
 
 ~~_Note: for some reason qemu does not seem to be able to boot `.iso` files of the OS X installation DVD (using `-cdrom tiger.iso`),
-but if you burn that `.iso` to a physical DVD and then use `-cdrom /dev/disk2`, it works.~~ UPDATE: I revisited this with qemu 9.1.2 and it boots directly from a .toast file._
+but if you burn that `.iso` to a physical DVD and then use `-cdrom /dev/disk2`, it works.~~ UPDATE: I revisited this with qemu 9.1.2 and it boots directly from a .toast file.
 
 Boot the DVD to verify it works:
 

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ on a modern x86_64 Mac.
 
 This setup was performed using QEMU 5.0.0 (obtained via `brew install qemu`).
 
-**_Note: at some point during this process `-cdrom /dev/cdrom` seems to have stopped working, but `-cdrom /dev/disk2` works._**
+~~**_Note: at some point during this process `-cdrom /dev/cdrom` seems to have stopped working, but `-cdrom /dev/disk2` works._**~~
 
 
 ## Step 1: Initial installation
@@ -22,15 +22,16 @@ In this step we will format the disk and perform the initial OS X installation.
 
 Download a copy of the
 [2Z691-5305-A OS X Tiger installation DVD](https://archive.org/details/691-5305-A2ZMac_OS_X_v10.4_Tiger._Includes_Xcode_2._Install_Disc_2005_DVD)
-and burn it to a physical DVD.
+~~and burn it to a physical DVD~~.
 
-_Note: for some reason qemu does not seem to be able to boot `.iso` files of the OS X installation DVD (using `-cdrom tiger.iso`),
-but if you burn that `.iso` to a physical DVD and then use `-cdrom /dev/disk2`, it works._
+~~_Note: for some reason qemu does not seem to be able to boot `.iso` files of the OS X installation DVD (using `-cdrom tiger.iso`),
+but if you burn that `.iso` to a physical DVD and then use `-cdrom /dev/disk2`, it works.~~ UPDATE: I revisited this with qemu 9.1.2 and it boots directly from a .toast file._
 
 Boot the DVD to verify it works:
 
 ```
-qemu-system-ppc -L pc-bios -M mac99,via=pmu -m 512 -cdrom /dev/disk2 -boot d
+mv 691-5305-A\,2Z\,Mac\ OS\ X\ v10.4\ Tiger.\ Includes\ Xcode\ 2.\ Install\ Disc_2005\ \(DVD\).toast tiger.toast
+qemu-system-ppc -L pc-bios -M mac99,via=pmu -m 512 -cdrom tiger.toast -boot d
 ```
 
 If you see the grey Apple logo, the DVD is working correctly with QEMU:
@@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ qemu-system-ppc \
     -prom-env 'boot-args=-v' \
     -prom-env 'vga-ndrv?=true' \
     -hda 1-fresh.qcow2 \
-    -cdrom /dev/disk2 \
+    -cdrom tiger.toast \
     -boot d \
     -no-reboot
 ```

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
@@ -1,3 +1,10 @@
+Blog 2020/5/7
+
+[<- previous](https://gist.github.com/cellularmitosis/76bb04ba8e5e0fe1e695e67fae351e86) | 
+[index](https://gist.github.com/cellularmitosis/1106b185f8b34ae0e36afa5fbcd04a00) | 
+[next ->](https://gist.github.com/cellularmitosis/ca7837ccac8264a0bf910fd34f11f298)
+
+
 # QEMU PowerPC G4 OS X Tiger (10.4) setup
 
 Here are some notes on how I set up an installation of [OS X Tiger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Tiger) (10.4)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
@@ -417,6 +417,13 @@ qemu-img create -f qcow2 -b 3-browser.qcow2 daily-driver.qcow2
 qemu-img create -f qcow2 -b 4-tigerbrew.qcow2 dev-box.qcow2
 ```
 
+Let's say we accidentally hosed our dev box with a careless `rm -rf /`.  Starting over with a new dev box is trivial:
+
+```
+rm dev-box.qcow2
+qemu-img create -f qcow2 -b 4-tigerbrew.qcow2 dev-box.qcow2
+```
+
 Etc :)
 
 

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
@@ -406,8 +406,8 @@ rm experiment-*.qcow2
 
 `combined.qcow2` now contains the changes from `experiment-2.qcow2` and `experiment-2B.qcow2`.
 
-Thus far we've been using branches off of the 'tip',
-but we could just as easily use branches of several points in the snapshot tree.
+Thus far we've been branching off of the 'tip',
+but we could just as easily branch off several points in the snapshot tree.
 For example, if we hadn't merged the images into `combined.qcow2`,
 we could make a "daily driver" snapshot for web browsing based off of `3-browser.qcow2`,
 and a "dev box" for doing development work based off of `4-tigerbrew.qcow2`:

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ qemu-system-ppc \
     -prom-env 'boot-args=-v' \
     -prom-env 'vga-ndrv?=true' \
     -hda 1-fresh.qcow2 \
-    -cdrom /dev/cdrom \
+    -cdrom /dev/disk2 \
     -boot d \
     -no-reboot
 ```
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ qemu-system-ppc \
 is a fork of [Homebrew](https://brew.sh/)
 for PowerPC Macs running Tiger or [Leopard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Leopard).
 
-Open up a terminal and use the following commands to install Tigerbrew:
+Open up a terminal on the emulated G4 and use the following commands to install Tigerbrew:
 
 ```
 ruby -e "$(curl -fsSkL raw.github.com/mistydemeo/tigerbrew/go/install)"
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ brew update --verbose
 
 ![Screen Shot 2020-05-07 at 1 12 09 PM](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/223396/81330029-15cbdd00-9065-11ea-9045-c01f03ca79b5.png)
 
-Change Terminal.app to spawn a "login" bash shell:
+Also, change Terminal.app to spawn a "login" bash shell:
 - Terminal -> Preferences -> Execute this command -> `/bin/bash -l`
 
 ![Screen Shot 2020-05-07 at 1 21 21 PM](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/223396/81330718-1ca71f80-9066-11ea-84e4-a3fbfc3c4f9d.png)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 # QEMU PowerPC G4 OS X Tiger (10.4) setup
 
 Here are some notes on how I set up an installation of [OS X Tiger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Tiger) (10.4)
-on a [PowerPC G4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC_G4) emulated by [QEMU](https://www.qemu.org/),
-running on a modern x86_64 Mac.
+on an emulated [PowerPC G4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC_G4) using [QEMU](https://www.qemu.org/),
+on a modern x86_64 Mac.
 
 This setup was performed using QEMU 5.0.0 (obtained via `brew install qemu`).
 
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ Download a copy of the
 and burn it to a physical DVD.
 
 _Note: for some reason qemu does not seem to be able to boot `.iso` files of the OS X installation DVD (using `-cdrom tiger.iso`),
-but if you burn that `.iso` to a physical DVD and then use `-cdrom /dev/disk2` (on a modern Mac), it works._
+but if you burn that `.iso` to a physical DVD and then use `-cdrom /dev/disk2`, it works._
 
 Boot the DVD to verify it works:
 
@@ -231,8 +231,6 @@ chmod ugo-w 3-browser.qcow2
 
 In this step we will set up a development environment for building modern Unix software.
 
-Fork the disk again:
-
 Create a snapshot of the disk:
 
 ```
@@ -289,6 +287,137 @@ Change Terminal.app to spawn a "login" bash shell:
 
 ![Screen Shot 2020-05-07 at 1 21 21 PM](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/223396/81330718-1ca71f80-9066-11ea-84e4-a3fbfc3c4f9d.png)
 
+Don't forget to mark the disk image read-only:
+
+```
+chmod ugo-x 4-tigerbrew.qcow2
+```
+
+
+## Using these QEMU hard drive images
+
+At this point we've created a series of four chained hard drive images:
+
+```
+$ qemu-img info --backing-chain 4-tigerbrew.qcow2 
+image: 4-tigerbrew.qcow2
+file format: qcow2
+virtual size: 127 GiB (136365211648 bytes)
+disk size: 3.63 GiB
+cluster_size: 65536
+backing file: 3-browser.qcow2
+Format specific information:
+    compat: 1.1
+    lazy refcounts: false
+    refcount bits: 16
+    corrupt: false
+
+image: 3-browser.qcow2
+file format: qcow2
+virtual size: 127 GiB (136365211648 bytes)
+disk size: 448 MiB
+cluster_size: 65536
+backing file: 2-updates.qcow2
+Format specific information:
+    compat: 1.1
+    lazy refcounts: false
+    refcount bits: 16
+    corrupt: false
+
+image: 2-updates.qcow2
+file format: qcow2
+virtual size: 127 GiB (136365211648 bytes)
+disk size: 2.42 GiB
+cluster_size: 65536
+backing file: 1-fresh.qcow2
+Format specific information:
+    compat: 1.1
+    lazy refcounts: false
+    refcount bits: 16
+    corrupt: false
+
+image: 1-fresh.qcow2
+file format: qcow2
+virtual size: 127 GiB (136365211648 bytes)
+disk size: 4.62 GiB
+cluster_size: 65536
+Format specific information:
+    compat: 1.1
+    lazy refcounts: false
+    refcount bits: 16
+    corrupt: false
+```
+
+We can squash these images into a single, combined, stand-alone hard drive image:
+
+```
+chmod u+w *.qcow2
+qemu-img merge 4-tigerbrew.qcow2
+qemu-img merge 3-browser.qcow2
+qemu-img merge 2-updates.qcow2
+mv 1-fresh.qcow2 combined.qcow2
+rm 2-updates.qcow2 3-browser.qcow2 4-tigerbrew.qcow2
+```
+
+We can then boot using that combined image directly, without the use of any snapshots.
+This is analogous to having a real Mac with a physical hard drive:
+
+```
+qemu-system-ppc \
+    -L pc-bios \
+    -M mac99,via=pmu \
+    -cpu G4 \
+    -m 1024 \
+    -prom-env 'auto-boot?=true' \
+    -prom-env 'boot-args=-v' \
+    -prom-env 'vga-ndrv?=true' \
+    -hda combined.qcow2
+```
+
+Or, we could treat `combined.qcow2` as a "golden master"
+and create snapshots based off of it, perhaps to try out some experimental tigerbrew packages:
+
+```
+chmod ugo-w combined.qcow2
+qemu-img create -f qcow2 -b combined.qcow2 experiment-1.qcow2
+qemu-img create -f qcow2 -b combined.qcow2 experiment-2.qcow2
+qemu-img create -f qcow2 -b combined.qcow2 experiment-3.qcow2
+```
+
+Perhaps in `experiment-1.qcow2` we try out `gcc-7`, and in `experiment-2.qcow2` we try out `llvm`, etc.
+
+Each of these snapshots can be used with the above command line as the `-hda` argument:
+- `qemu-system-ppc ... -hda experiment-2.qcow2`
+
+We could even create further branches off of e.g. `experiment-2.qcow2`:
+
+```
+qemu-img create -f qcow2 -b experiment-2.qcow2 experiment-2A.qcow2
+qemu-img create -f qcow2 -b experiment-2.qcow2 experiment-2B.qcow2
+```
+
+Perhaps we decide that `experiment-2B.qcow2` was the keeper and the rest can be gotten rid of?
+
+```
+qemu-img merge experiment-2B.qcow2
+qemu-img merge experiment-2.qcow2
+rm experiment-*.qcow2
+```
+
+`combined.qcow2` now contains the changes from `experiment-2.qcow2` and `experiment-2B.qcow2`.
+
+Thus far we've been using branches off of the 'tip',
+but we could just as easily use branches of several points in the snapshot tree.
+For example, if we hadn't merged the images into `combined.qcow2`,
+we could make a "daily driver" snapshot for web browsing based off of `3-browser.qcow2`,
+and a "dev box" for doing development work based off of `4-tigerbrew.qcow2`:
+
+```
+qemu-img create -f qcow2 -b 3-browser.qcow2 daily-driver.qcow2
+qemu-img create -f qcow2 -b 4-tigerbrew.qcow2 dev-box.qcow2
+```
+
+Etc :)
 
 
 ## Resources:

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ echo 'export PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:$PATH' >> ~/.profile
 source ~/.profile
 brew doctor
 brew install --verbose curl git
-brew update
+brew update --verbose
 ```
 
 ![Screen Shot 2020-05-07 at 1 12 09 PM](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/223396/81330029-15cbdd00-9065-11ea-9045-c01f03ca79b5.png)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
@@ -287,6 +287,7 @@ brew update
 Change Terminal.app to spawn a "login" bash shell:
 - Terminal -> Preferences -> Execute this command -> `/bin/bash -l`
 
+![Screen Shot 2020-05-07 at 1 21 21 PM](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/223396/81330718-1ca71f80-9066-11ea-84e4-a3fbfc3c4f9d.png)
 
 
 

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
@@ -275,15 +275,20 @@ Open up a terminal and use the following commands to install Tigerbrew:
 
 ```
 ruby -e "$(curl -fsSkL raw.github.com/mistydemeo/tigerbrew/go/install)"
-echo 'export PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:$PATH' >> ~/.bashrc
-source ~/.bashrc
+echo 'export PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:$PATH' >> ~/.profile
+source ~/.profile
 brew doctor
 brew install --verbose curl git
 brew update
 ```
 
 ![Screen Shot 2020-05-07 at 1 12 09 PM](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/223396/81330029-15cbdd00-9065-11ea-9045-c01f03ca79b5.png)
 
+Change Terminal.app to spawn a "login" bash shell:
+- Terminal -> Preferences -> Execute this command -> `/bin/bash -l`
+
+
+
 
 ## Resources:
 

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
@@ -276,6 +276,7 @@ Open up a terminal and use the following commands to install Tigerbrew:
 ```
 ruby -e "$(curl -fsSkL raw.github.com/mistydemeo/tigerbrew/go/install)"
 echo 'export PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:$PATH' >> ~/.bashrc
+source ~/.bashrc
 brew doctor
 brew install --verbose curl git
 brew update

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
@@ -281,8 +281,10 @@ brew install --verbose curl git
 brew update
 ```
 
+![Screen Shot 2020-05-07 at 1 12 09 PM](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/223396/81330029-15cbdd00-9065-11ea-9045-c01f03ca79b5.png)
+
 
 ## Resources:
 
 - https://wiki.qemu.org/Documentation/Platforms/PowerPC
-- [_"Last versions of applications for Mac OS X on PowerPC"_](http://matejhorvat.si/en/mac/osxppcsw/)
+- ["Last versions of applications for Mac OS X on PowerPC"](http://matejhorvat.si/en/mac/osxppcsw/)
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
@@ -267,6 +267,20 @@ qemu-system-ppc \
 
 ![Screen Shot 2020-05-07 at 11 57 07 AM](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/223396/81329043-88d45400-9063-11ea-82dd-c892f589b009.png)
 
+[Tigerbrew](https://github.com/mistydemeo/tigerbrew)
+is a fork of [Homebrew](https://brew.sh/)
+for PowerPC Macs running Tiger or [Leopard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Leopard).
+
+Open up a terminal and use the following commands to install Tigerbrew:
+
+```
+ruby -e "$(curl -fsSkL raw.github.com/mistydemeo/tigerbrew/go/install)"
+echo 'export PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:$PATH' >> ~/.bashrc
+brew doctor
+brew install --verbose curl git
+brew update
+```
+
 
 ## Resources:
 

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
@@ -263,6 +263,9 @@ qemu-system-ppc \
     -no-reboot
 ```
 
+![Screen Shot 2020-05-07 at 11 56 40 AM](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/223396/81329034-840fa000-9063-11ea-8ab3-3481060d82e3.png)
+
+![Screen Shot 2020-05-07 at 11 57 07 AM](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/223396/81329043-88d45400-9063-11ea-82dd-c892f589b009.png)
 
 
 ## Resources:

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
@@ -218,18 +218,51 @@ qemu-system-ppc \
     -no-reboot
 ```
 
+Drag the applications into `/Applications`.
+
+Shutdown the G4 and mark the disk read-only:
+
+```
+chmod ugo-w 3-browser.qcow2
+```
+
 
 ## Step 4: Xcode, Tigerbrew
 
 In this step we will set up a development environment for building modern Unix software.
 
+Fork the disk again:
+
+Create a snapshot of the disk:
+
+```
+qemu-img create -f qcow2 -b 3-browser.qcow2 4-tigerbrew.qcow2
+```
+
 The latest version of [Xcode Tools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xcode) for Tiger/PPC is 2.5,
 which is still available via Apple (search for "xcode 2.5" at https://developer.apple.com/download/more/, requires login),
 or via [macintoshgarden.org](https://macintoshgarden.org/sites/macintoshgarden.org/files/apps/xcode25_8m2558_developerdvd.dmg)
 from their [Xcode page](https://macintoshgarden.org/apps/apple-xcode).
 
+Again, I had to burn this to a physical DVD in order to use it with QEMU.
+
+Boot the G4 and install the Xcode Tools:
+
+```
+qemu-system-ppc \
+    -L pc-bios \
+    -M mac99,via=pmu \
+    -cpu G4 \
+    -m 1024 \
+    -prom-env 'auto-boot?=true' \
+    -prom-env 'boot-args=-v' \
+    -prom-env 'vga-ndrv?=true' \
+    -hda 4-tigerbrew.qcow2 \
+    -cdrom /dev/disk2 \
+    -boot c \
+    -no-reboot
+```
 
-FIXME
 
 
 ## Resources:

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
@@ -18,12 +18,12 @@ Download a copy of the
 and burn it to a physical DVD.
 
 _Note: for some reason qemu does not seem to be able to boot `.iso` files of the OS X installation DVD (using `-cdrom tiger.iso`),
-but if you burn that `.iso` to a physical DVD and then use `-cdrom /dev/cdrom` (on a modern Mac), it works._
+but if you burn that `.iso` to a physical DVD and then use `-cdrom /dev/disk2` (on a modern Mac), it works._
 
 Boot the DVD to verify it works:
 
 ```
-qemu-system-ppc -L pc-bios -M mac99,via=pmu -m 512 -cdrom /dev/cdrom -boot d
+qemu-system-ppc -L pc-bios -M mac99,via=pmu -m 512 -cdrom /dev/disk2 -boot d
 ```
 
 If you see the grey Apple logo, the DVD is working correctly with QEMU:

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
@@ -6,6 +6,9 @@ running on a modern x86_64 Mac.
 
 This setup was performed using QEMU 5.0.0 (obtained via `brew install qemu`).
 
+**_Note: at some point during this process `-cdrom /dev/cdrom` seems to have stopped working, but `-cdrom /dev/disk2` works._**
+
+
 ## Step 1: Initial installation
 
 In this step we will format the disk and perform the initial OS X installation.
@@ -192,9 +195,13 @@ or [macintoshgarden.org](https://macintoshgarden.org/apps/textwrangler-213).
 
 Strangely, no combination of using Disk Utility and hdiutil to create `.dmg` or `.cdr` images of `TenFourFox.app` seemed to work with Tiger:
 
+_Note: in retrospect, perhaps this was an APFS vs. HFS+ issue?_
+
 ![Screen Shot 2020-05-07 at 9 29 27 AM](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/223396/81308649-a267a280-9047-11ea-9646-4371feb67a31.png)
 
-I resorted to burning TenFourFox, VLC, and TextWrangler to a physical CD-ROM and passing it through to QEMU:
+I resorted to burning TenFourFox, VLC, and TextWrangler to a physical DVD and passing it through to QEMU.
+
+_Note: even burning to a physical CD-ROM didn't work -- it had to be a DVD._
 
 ```
 qemu-system-ppc \
@@ -206,7 +213,7 @@ qemu-system-ppc \
     -prom-env 'boot-args=-v' \
     -prom-env 'vga-ndrv?=true' \
     -hda 3-browser.qcow2 \
-    -cdrom /dev/cdrom \
+    -cdrom /dev/disk2 \
     -boot c \
     -no-reboot
 ```

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
@@ -181,12 +181,20 @@ qemu-img create -f qcow2 -b 2-updates.qcow2 3-browser.qcow2
 Their [website](https://www.floodgap.com/software/tenfourfox/) links to the latest version,
 [FPR22](https://sourceforge.net/projects/tenfourfox/files/fpr22/TenFourFox7400-FPR22.app.zip).
 
-Strangely, no combination of using Disk Utility and hdiutil to create `.dmg` or `.cdr` images seemed to work with Tiger:
+The latest version of [VLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VLC_media_player)
+for Tiger/PPC is [0.9.10](https://get.videolan.org/vlc/0.9.10/macosx/vlc-0.9.10-powerpc.dmg), 
+which is still available from their [downloads page](https://www.videolan.org/vlc/download-macosx.html).
 
+The latest version of [TextWrangler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBEdit#TextWrangler)
+for Tiger/PPC is [3.1](http://pine.barebones.com/freeware/TextWrangler_3.1.dmg),
+available via [Bare Bones](http://www.barebones.com/support/textwrangler/coderdojo.html)
+or [macintoshgarden.org](https://macintoshgarden.org/apps/textwrangler-213).
 
+Strangely, no combination of using Disk Utility and hdiutil to create `.dmg` or `.cdr` images of `TenFourFox.app` seemed to work with Tiger:
 
+![Screen Shot 2020-05-07 at 9 29 27 AM](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/223396/81308649-a267a280-9047-11ea-9646-4371feb67a31.png)
 
-Boot the G4 with the `TenFourFox.cdr` virtual DVD:
+I resorted to burning TenFourFox, VLC, and TextWrangler to a physical CD-ROM and passing it through to QEMU:
 
 ```
 qemu-system-ppc \
@@ -198,26 +206,11 @@ qemu-system-ppc \
     -prom-env 'boot-args=-v' \
     -prom-env 'vga-ndrv?=true' \
     -hda 3-browser.qcow2 \
-    -cdrom TenFourFox.cdr \
+    -cdrom /dev/cdrom \
     -boot c \
     -no-reboot
 ```
 
-The latest version of [VLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VLC_media_player)
-for Tiger/PPC is [0.9.10](https://get.videolan.org/vlc/0.9.10/macosx/vlc-0.9.10-powerpc.dmg), 
-which is still available from their [downloads page](https://www.videolan.org/vlc/download-macosx.html).
-
-The latest version of [TextWrangler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBEdit#TextWrangler)
-for Tiger/PPC is [3.1](http://pine.barebones.com/freeware/TextWrangler_3.1.dmg),
-available via [Bare Bones](http://www.barebones.com/support/textwrangler/coderdojo.html)
-or [macintoshgarden.org](https://macintoshgarden.org/apps/textwrangler-213).
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
 
 ## Step 4: Xcode, Tigerbrew