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  1. rojace created this gist Nov 10, 2014.
    612 changes: 612 additions & 0 deletions mNFRg1Tu1y8_transcript.html
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    <div class="STplayer STplayerEmbedded STplayerBarebones" data-version="1.0" id="STtranscriptEmbed_1_mNFRg1Tu1y8">
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    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="11000" id="STtranscriptContent1">When I was a student</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="16950" id="STtranscriptContent2">here at Oxford in</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="18820" id="STtranscriptContent3">the 1970's, the future of the world was bleak.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="22490" id="STtranscriptContent4">The population explosion was unstoppable,</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="25040" id="STtranscriptContent5">global famine was inevitable,</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="26840" id="STtranscriptContent6">a cancer epidemic caused by</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="28320" id="STtranscriptContent7">chemicals in the environment was going to shorten our lives.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="32550" id="STtranscriptContent8">The acid rain was falling on</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="33970" id="STtranscriptContent9">the forest, the desert was</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="35960" id="STtranscriptContent10">advancing by a mile or</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="37320" id="STtranscriptContent11">two a year, the oil was</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="38770" id="STtranscriptContent12">running out, and a nuclear winter would finish us off.
    <br>
    <br>
    </span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="43080" id="STtranscriptContent13">None of those things happened, and</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="46510" id="STtranscriptContent14">astonishingly, if you look</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="47970" id="STtranscriptContent15">at what actually happened in my</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="49390" id="STtranscriptContent16">lifetime the average per</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="50860" id="STtranscriptContent17">capita income of the</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="52480" id="STtranscriptContent18">average person on the</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="54040" id="STtranscriptContent19">planet - in real terms,</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="55480" id="STtranscriptContent20">adjusted for inflation - has trebled.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="58780" id="STtranscriptContent21">Lifespan is up by 30% in my lifetime.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="61900" id="STtranscriptContent22">Child mortality is down by two thirds.
    <br>
    <br>
    </span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="64310" id="STtranscriptContent23">Per capita food production is up by a third.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="67150" id="STtranscriptContent24">And all this at</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="68640" id="STtranscriptContent25">a time when the population has doubled.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="71440" id="STtranscriptContent26">How did we achieve that?</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="72860" id="STtranscriptContent27">Whether you think it's a good thing or not, how did we achieve that?</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="75850" id="STtranscriptContent28">How did we become the only</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="77820" id="STtranscriptContent29">species that becomes more</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="80210" id="STtranscriptContent30">prosperous as it becomes more populous?</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="82880" id="STtranscriptContent31">The size of the</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="84250" id="STtranscriptContent32">blob in this graph represents the</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="85710" id="STtranscriptContent33">size of the population, and the</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="87340" id="STtranscriptContent34">level of the graph represents GDP per capita.
    <br>
    <br>
    </span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="90890" id="STtranscriptContent35">I think to answer that question,</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="92740" id="STtranscriptContent36">you need to understand how human</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="94770" id="STtranscriptContent37">beings bring together their</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="97130" id="STtranscriptContent38">brains and enable their ideas</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="99100" id="STtranscriptContent39">to combine and recombine, to meet and indeed to mate.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="103580" id="STtranscriptContent40">In other words, you need to understand how ideas have sex.
    <br>
    <br>
    </span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="109220" id="STtranscriptContent41">I want you to imagine how</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="110810" id="STtranscriptContent42">we got from making objects like</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="112830" id="STtranscriptContent43">this - to making objects like this.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="117040" id="STtranscriptContent44">These are both real objects.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="118100" id="STtranscriptContent45">One is an Acheulean hand axe</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="119630" id="STtranscriptContent46">from half a million years ago of the kind made by Homo erectus.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="123160" id="STtranscriptContent47">The other is, obviously, a computer mouse.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="125600" id="STtranscriptContent48">They are both exactly the same size and shape to an uncanny degree.
    <br>
    <br>
    </span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="128890" id="STtranscriptContent49">I've tried to work out which is bigger and they're not.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="130760" id="STtranscriptContent50">And it's almost impossible, and</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="133380" id="STtranscriptContent51">that's because they're both designed to fit the human hand; they're both technologies.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="136460" id="STtranscriptContent52">In the end, their similarity is not that interesting.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="138510" id="STtranscriptContent53">It just tells you they were both designed to fit the human hand.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="141120" id="STtranscriptContent54">The differences are what interest</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="142380" id="STtranscriptContent55">me, because the one on</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="143470" id="STtranscriptContent56">the left was made to a</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="144900" id="STtranscriptContent57">pretty unvarying design for a</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="146600" id="STtranscriptContent58">about a million years, from one</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="147900" id="STtranscriptContent59">and a half million years ago to half a million years ago.
    <br>
    <br>
    </span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="151010" id="STtranscriptContent60">Homo erectus made the same</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="152640" id="STtranscriptContent61">tool for thirty thousand generations.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="155140" id="STtranscriptContent62">Of course, there were a few changes.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="156720" id="STtranscriptContent63">But tools changed slower than skeletons in those days.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="160270" id="STtranscriptContent64">There was no progress, no innovation.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="162120" id="STtranscriptContent65">It's an extraordinary phenomenon, but it's true.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="163980" id="STtranscriptContent66">Whereas the object on the right is obsolete after five years.
    <br>
    <br>
    </span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="167020" id="STtranscriptContent67">And there's another difference</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="168800" id="STtranscriptContent68">too, which is the object on the left just made from one substance.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="171580" id="STtranscriptContent69">The object on the right is</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="173000" id="STtranscriptContent70">made from a confection of</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="174570" id="STtranscriptContent71">different substances--from silicon and</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="176490" id="STtranscriptContent72">metal and plastic and so</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="178350" id="STtranscriptContent73">on--and more than that, it's a</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="179220" id="STtranscriptContent74">confection of different ideas:</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="181320" id="STtranscriptContent75">the idea of plastic, the</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="182740" id="STtranscriptContent76">idea of a laser, the</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="183850" id="STtranscriptContent77">idea of transistors, they've all</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="185910" id="STtranscriptContent78">been combined together in this technology.
    <br>
    <br>
    </span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="188750" id="STtranscriptContent79">I mean it's this combination, this cumulative</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="191680" id="STtranscriptContent80">technology, that intrigues me.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="193600" id="STtranscriptContent81">Because I think it's the secret</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="194990" id="STtranscriptContent82">to understanding what's happening in the world.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="198900" id="STtranscriptContent83">My body's an accumulation of ideas too.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="201240" id="STtranscriptContent84">The idea of skin cells, the</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="202680" id="STtranscriptContent85">idea of brain cells, the</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="203900" id="STtranscriptContent86">idea of liver cells - they've come together.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="206140" id="STtranscriptContent87">How does evolution do cumulative combinatorial things?
    <br>
    <br>
    </span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="209650" id="STtranscriptContent88">Well, it uses sexual reproduction.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="212410" id="STtranscriptContent89">In an asexual species, if you</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="214100" id="STtranscriptContent90">get two different mutations in different</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="215700" id="STtranscriptContent91">creatures - a green one and</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="216770" id="STtranscriptContent92">a red one - then, one has to be better than the other.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="219570" id="STtranscriptContent93">One goes extinct for the other to survive.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="222250" id="STtranscriptContent94">But if you have a sexual species,</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="224130" id="STtranscriptContent95">then it's possible for an individual</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="225950" id="STtranscriptContent96">to inherit both mutations from different lineages.
    <br>
    <br>
    </span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="229310" id="STtranscriptContent97">So what sex does, is it</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="230790" id="STtranscriptContent98">enables the individual to</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="232910" id="STtranscriptContent99">draw upon the genetic</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="235030" id="STtranscriptContent100">innovations of the whole species?</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="237060" id="STtranscriptContent101">It's not confined to its own lineage.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="239600" id="STtranscriptContent102">What's the process that's having</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="241060" id="STtranscriptContent103">the same effect in cultural evolution</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="243860" id="STtranscriptContent104">as sex is having in biological evolution.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="245950" id="STtranscriptContent105">And I think the answer is exchange.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="249060" id="STtranscriptContent106">The habit of exchanging one thing for another.
    <br>
    <br>
    </span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="252010" id="STtranscriptContent107">It's unique human feature.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="253960" id="STtranscriptContent108">No other animal does it.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="254980" id="STtranscriptContent109">You can teach them in</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="256150" id="STtranscriptContent110">the laboratory to do a little</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="257270" id="STtranscriptContent111">bit of exchange, and indeed there's</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="258540" id="STtranscriptContent112">reciprocity in other animals,</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="259970" id="STtranscriptContent113">but the exchange of one object for another never happens.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="262400" id="STtranscriptContent114">As Adam Smith said 'No man</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="264040" id="STtranscriptContent115">ever saw a dog make a</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="265260" id="STtranscriptContent116">fair exchange of bone with another dog'.
    <br>
    <br>
    </span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="270530" id="STtranscriptContent117">You can have a culture without exchange,</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="272540" id="STtranscriptContent118">you can have as it were a</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="273530" id="STtranscriptContent119">sexual culture - chimpanzees, killer whales, these kind of creatures.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="276440" id="STtranscriptContent120">They have culture.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="277560" id="STtranscriptContent121">They teach each other traditions which</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="279340" id="STtranscriptContent122">are handed down from parent to offspring.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="281000" id="STtranscriptContent123">This is, in this case chimpanzees</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="282660" id="STtranscriptContent124">teaching each other how to crack nuts with rocks.
    <br>
    <br>
    </span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="285320" id="STtranscriptContent125">But the difference is that</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="287470" id="STtranscriptContent126">these cultures never expand, never</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="289150" id="STtranscriptContent127">grow, never accumulate, never become combinatorial.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="291870" id="STtranscriptContent128">And the reason is: because there</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="293290" id="STtranscriptContent129">is no sex as it</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="294830" id="STtranscriptContent130">were, there is no exchange of ideas.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="297750" id="STtranscriptContent131">Chimpanzees troops have different cultures.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="299780" id="STtranscriptContent132">In different troops there's no exchange of ideas between them.
    <br>
    <br>
    </span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="303350" id="STtranscriptContent133">And why does exchange raise living standards?</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="305650" id="STtranscriptContent134">Well the answer came from David Ricardo in 1817.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="309200" id="STtranscriptContent135">And here's a stone-aged version of</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="310410" id="STtranscriptContent136">his story; although he told it in terms of trade between countries.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="314090" id="STtranscriptContent137">Adam takes 4 hours to make a spear and 3 hours to make an axe.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="317200" id="STtranscriptContent138">Oz takes 1 hour to</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="318210" id="STtranscriptContent139">make a spear and 2 hours</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="319030" id="STtranscriptContent140">to make an axe, so Oz</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="320320" id="STtranscriptContent141">is better at both spears and axes than Adam.
    <br>
    <br>
    </span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="322980" id="STtranscriptContent142">He doesn't need Adam.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="324640" id="STtranscriptContent143">He can make his own spears and axes.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="326120" id="STtranscriptContent144">Well, no because when you</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="327160" id="STtranscriptContent145">think about it - if Oz</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="327970" id="STtranscriptContent146">makes two spears and Adam</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="329260" id="STtranscriptContent147">makes two axes, and then</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="331070" id="STtranscriptContent148">they trade, then they</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="333160" id="STtranscriptContent149">will each have saved an hour of work.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="335620" id="STtranscriptContent150">And the more they do this, the more true it's gonna be.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="339080" id="STtranscriptContent151">Because the more they do this</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="340110" id="STtranscriptContent152">the better odd is gonna get</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="341240" id="STtranscriptContent153">in making axes, and the better</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="342350" id="STtranscriptContent154">odds he's gonna get making spears,</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="344070" id="STtranscriptContent155">so the gains from trade or any are gonna grow.
    <br>
    <br>
    </span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="345950" id="STtranscriptContent156">And this is one of the beauties of</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="346910" id="STtranscriptContent157">exchange, is it actually</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="348320" id="STtranscriptContent158">creates the momentum for more</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="350130" id="STtranscriptContent159">specialisation, which creates the</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="351700" id="STtranscriptContent160">momentum for more exchange and so on.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="354130" id="STtranscriptContent161">Adam and Oz both saved</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="355620" id="STtranscriptContent162">an hour of time - that</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="356850" id="STtranscriptContent163">is prosperity, the saving of time and satisfying your needs.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="361070" id="STtranscriptContent164">Ask yourself, how long you would</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="362260" id="STtranscriptContent165">have to work to provide</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="365220" id="STtranscriptContent166">for yourself an hour of</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="367090" id="STtranscriptContent167">reading light this evening to read a book by.
    <br>
    <br>
    </span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="369890" id="STtranscriptContent168">If you had to start from a</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="370960" id="STtranscriptContent169">scratch, let's say you go out</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="371990" id="STtranscriptContent170">into the countryside, you find a sheep, you kill it, you get the fat.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="374330" id="STtranscriptContent171">How you render it down, you make a candle, etc, etc.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="377350" id="STtranscriptContent172">How long is it going to take?</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="378140" id="STtranscriptContent173">Quite a long time.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="379350" id="STtranscriptContent174">How long do you actually have</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="380510" id="STtranscriptContent175">to work to earn an hour</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="382430" id="STtranscriptContent176">of reading light if you're</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="383650" id="STtranscriptContent177">on the average way in Britain</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="385620" id="STtranscriptContent178">today, and the answer is about half a second.
    <br>
    <br>
    </span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="388970" id="STtranscriptContent179">Back in 1950 you would</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="390300" id="STtranscriptContent180">have worked for 8 seconds on</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="391990" id="STtranscriptContent181">the average wage to acquire that much light.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="395030" id="STtranscriptContent182">And seven and a half seconds of</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="395940" id="STtranscriptContent183">prosperity that you've gained since 1950, as it were.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="399110" id="STtranscriptContent184">Because that's 7,5 seconds in</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="400480" id="STtranscriptContent185">which you can do something else or</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="402050" id="STtranscriptContent186">you can acquire another good old service.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="405570" id="STtranscriptContent187">In back 1880, it would have</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="406780" id="STtranscriptContent188">been fifteen minutes to and a man lies on the average wage.
    <br>
    <br>
    </span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="410280" id="STtranscriptContent189">Back in the 1800, we</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="411650" id="STtranscriptContent190">would have to work six hours</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="414130" id="STtranscriptContent191">to earn a candle that could burn for an hour.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="417280" id="STtranscriptContent192">In other words, the average person</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="418860" id="STtranscriptContent193">on the average wage could not afford</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="420230" id="STtranscriptContent194">a candle in 1800.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="422750" id="STtranscriptContent195">Go back to this image of</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="424270" id="STtranscriptContent196">the axe and the mouse,</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="425950" id="STtranscriptContent197">and ask yourself who made them and for who.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="428580" id="STtranscriptContent198">Saying axe was made</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="430090" id="STtranscriptContent199">by some for himself, it was</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="431270" id="STtranscriptContent200">self-sufficiency, we call that poverty these days.
    <br>
    <br>
    </span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="434230" id="STtranscriptContent201">But the object on the right</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="435910" id="STtranscriptContent202">was made for me by other people.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="439730" id="STtranscriptContent203">How many other people?</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="440990" id="STtranscriptContent204">Tens?</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="441730" id="STtranscriptContent205">Hundreds?</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="442240" id="STtranscriptContent206">Thousands?</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="443140" id="STtranscriptContent207">You know I think it's probably millions</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="445700" id="STtranscriptContent208">because you've got to include the</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="446650" id="STtranscriptContent209">man who grew the coffee,</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="448000" id="STtranscriptContent210">which was brewed For the man</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="449310" id="STtranscriptContent211">who was on the oil rig</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="450450" id="STtranscriptContent212">who was drilling for oil which was gonna be made into the plastic.
    <br>
    <br>
    </span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="453680" id="STtranscriptContent213">They were all working for me, to make a mouse for me.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="457950" id="STtranscriptContent214">And that's the way the society works.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="460220" id="STtranscriptContent215">That's what what we've achieved as a species.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="465120" id="STtranscriptContent216">In the old days, if you were rich, you literally had people working for you.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="468040" id="STtranscriptContent217">That's how you got to be rich - you employed them.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="470490" id="STtranscriptContent218">Louis the XIV had a lot</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="472140" id="STtranscriptContent219">people working for him, they've</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="473370" id="STtranscriptContent220">made his silly outfits, like this.
    <br>
    <br>
    </span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="475170" id="STtranscriptContent221">They did his silly hairstyles, or whatever.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="479380" id="STtranscriptContent222">He had 498 people</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="481340" id="STtranscriptContent223">to prepare his dinner every night.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="485360" id="STtranscriptContent224">Versailles and looking at Louis IV's pictures.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="488270" id="STtranscriptContent225">He has 498 people doing his dinner tonight too.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="491080" id="STtranscriptContent226">They're in bistros, in cafes and</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="492610" id="STtranscriptContent227">restaurants and shops all over</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="493770" id="STtranscriptContent228">Paris, and they're all ready to serve you.
    <br>
    <br>
    </span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="496040" id="STtranscriptContent229">As an hours noticed with an</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="497290" id="STtranscriptContent230">excellent meal public hire quality that even Louis the fourteenth had.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="501790" id="STtranscriptContent231">And that's what we've done, because</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="502990" id="STtranscriptContent232">we were all working for each other,</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="504910" id="STtranscriptContent233">we were able to draw</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="506570" id="STtranscriptContent234">upon specialization and exchange to raise each other's living standards.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="510420" id="STtranscriptContent235">Now you do get other animals</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="511710" id="STtranscriptContent236">working for each other too, ants</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="513830" id="STtranscriptContent237">are such examples, where workers</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="515170" id="STtranscriptContent238">works for queens, and queens works for workers.
    <br>
    <br>
    </span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="517070" id="STtranscriptContent239">But there is a big difference which is</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="518680" id="STtranscriptContent240">that it only happens within the</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="519960" id="STtranscriptContent241">colony, there is no working</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="521240" id="STtranscriptContent242">for each other across the colonies,</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="522870" id="STtranscriptContent243">and the reason for that is because</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="524010" id="STtranscriptContent244">there's a reproductive division of</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="525490" id="STtranscriptContent245">labor, that is to say,</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="526730" id="STtranscriptContent246">they specialize with respect to reproduction; the queen does it all.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="530200" id="STtranscriptContent247">In our species, we don't like doing that.
    <br>
    <br>
    </span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="532320" id="STtranscriptContent248">It's the one thing we insist on doing for ourselves, is reproduction.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="537120" id="STtranscriptContent249">Even in England, we</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="539280" id="STtranscriptContent250">don't leave reproduction to the Queen.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="545780" id="STtranscriptContent251">So when did this habit start,</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="547500" id="STtranscriptContent252">and how long has been it going on, and what does it mean?</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="549550" id="STtranscriptContent253">Well, I think probably the</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="551650" id="STtranscriptContent254">oldest version of this</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="552890" id="STtranscriptContent255">is the probably the sexual division</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="554460" id="STtranscriptContent256">of labor, but I've got no evidence for that.
    <br>
    <br>
    </span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="555960" id="STtranscriptContent257">It just looks like the</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="557430" id="STtranscriptContent258">first thing we did was</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="558500" id="STtranscriptContent259">work male for female, and female for male.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="561010" id="STtranscriptContent260">In all hunter gatherer societies today</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="563100" id="STtranscriptContent261">there's a foraging division of labor</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="564620" id="STtranscriptContent262">between on the whole</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="566100" id="STtranscriptContent263">hunting males, and gathering females.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="567830" id="STtranscriptContent264">It isn't always quite that simple.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="569130" id="STtranscriptContent265">But there's a distinction between</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="571040" id="STtranscriptContent266">specialized roles for males</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="572310" id="STtranscriptContent267">and females, and the</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="574490" id="STtranscriptContent268">beauty of this system is that it benefits both sides.
    <br>
    <br>
    </span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="578630" id="STtranscriptContent269">The woman knows that In</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="580560" id="STtranscriptContent270">the Hadzar's case here, digging</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="582150" id="STtranscriptContent271">roots to share with men in</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="583420" id="STtranscriptContent272">exchange for meat, she knows</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="585050" id="STtranscriptContent273">that all she has to do to</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="586000" id="STtranscriptContent274">get access to protein is to</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="587890" id="STtranscriptContent275">dig some extra roots and trade them for meat.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="590960" id="STtranscriptContent276">And that she doesn't have to go on an exhausting hunt and try and kill a wart hog.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="594430" id="STtranscriptContent277">And the man knows that he</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="595850" id="STtranscriptContent278">doesn't have to do any digging</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="597040" id="STtranscriptContent279">to get roots.
    <br>
    <br>
    </span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="598650" id="STtranscriptContent280">All he has to do is make sure that when he kills a wart hog, it's big enough to share some.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="602920" id="STtranscriptContent281">And so both sides raise each</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="604570" id="STtranscriptContent282">other's standards of living through the sexual division of labor.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="607400" id="STtranscriptContent283">When did this happen?</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="608510" id="STtranscriptContent284">We don't know, but it's possible that neanderthals didn't do this.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="612520" id="STtranscriptContent285">They were a highly cooperative species.
    <br>
    <br>
    </span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="614430" id="STtranscriptContent286">They were highly intelligent species.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="615910" id="STtranscriptContent287">Their brains, on average, by the</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="617070" id="STtranscriptContent288">end, were bigger than yours and mine in this room today.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="620530" id="STtranscriptContent289">They were imaginative, they buried their</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="622090" id="STtranscriptContent290">dead, they had language probably because</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="624150" id="STtranscriptContent291">we know they had the Fox P2</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="625930" id="STtranscriptContent292">jean of the same kind as us, which was discovered here in Oxford.
    <br>
    <br>
    </span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="628740" id="STtranscriptContent293">And so it looks like they probably had linguistic skills.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="631490" id="STtranscriptContent294">They were brilliant people.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="632390" id="STtranscriptContent295">I'm not dissing the neanderthals.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="636130" id="STtranscriptContent296">But there's no evidence of</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="638540" id="STtranscriptContent297">a sexual division of labor,</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="639810" id="STtranscriptContent298">there's no evidence of gathering behavior by females.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="642530" id="STtranscriptContent299">It looks like the females were cooperative hunters with the men.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="646470" id="STtranscriptContent300">And the other thing there is no evidence for is exchange between groups.
    <br>
    <br>
    </span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="650610" id="STtranscriptContent301">Because the objects that</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="653040" id="STtranscriptContent302">you find in Neanderthal remains, the</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="655150" id="STtranscriptContent303">tools they made always made from local materials.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="658210" id="STtranscriptContent304">For example in the Caucasus</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="660120" id="STtranscriptContent305">there's a site where you find</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="661230" id="STtranscriptContent306">local Neanderthal tools, they're always made from local chert.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="665350" id="STtranscriptContent307">On the same valley there are</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="666610" id="STtranscriptContent308">modern human remains from about the same date, 30,000 years ago.
    <br>
    <br>
    </span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="670200" id="STtranscriptContent309">And some of those are from local</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="672190" id="STtranscriptContent310">chert but many of them are</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="673230" id="STtranscriptContent311">made from obsidian from a long way away.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="676040" id="STtranscriptContent312">And when human beings began moving</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="677980" id="STtranscriptContent313">objects around like this, it</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="679900" id="STtranscriptContent314">was evidence that they were exchanging between groups.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="682800" id="STtranscriptContent315">Trade is ten times as old as farming.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="685840" id="STtranscriptContent316">People forget that, people think of trade as a modern thing.
    <br>
    <br>
    </span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="688360" id="STtranscriptContent317">Exchange between groups has been</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="689750" id="STtranscriptContent318">going on for a hundred thousand years.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="693200" id="STtranscriptContent319">And this, the earliest evidence</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="694370" id="STtranscriptContent320">for it crops up somewhere</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="695770" id="STtranscriptContent321">between 80 and 120,000</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="697640" id="STtranscriptContent322">years ago in Africa when</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="698970" id="STtranscriptContent323">you see obsidian and jasper</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="700820" id="STtranscriptContent324">and other things moving long distances.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="703100" id="STtranscriptContent325">In Ethiopia, you will see</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="704790" id="STtranscriptContent326">these seashells as discovered</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="707140" id="STtranscriptContent327">by a team here in Oxford,</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="708580" id="STtranscriptContent328">moving a 125 miles</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="710330" id="STtranscriptContent329">inland from the Mediterranean in Algeria.
    <br>
    <br>
    </span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="713660" id="STtranscriptContent330">and that's evidence that people</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="715190" id="STtranscriptContent331">have started exchanging between groups and that will have led to specialization.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="720050" id="STtranscriptContent332">How do you know that long distant movement means trade rather than migration?</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="723900" id="STtranscriptContent333">Well, you look at modern hunter-gatherers like</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="725960" id="STtranscriptContent334">Aboriginals who quarried stone</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="728080" id="STtranscriptContent335">axes at a place called Mount</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="729250" id="STtranscriptContent336">Isa, which was a</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="731140" id="STtranscriptContent337">quarry owned by the Kalkadoon tribe.
    <br>
    <br>
    </span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="732860" id="STtranscriptContent338">They traded them with their</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="734610" id="STtranscriptContent339">neighbors for things like stingray barbs</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="736370" id="STtranscriptContent340">and the consequence was that</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="737710" id="STtranscriptContent341">stone axes ended up over a large part of Australia.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="740800" id="STtranscriptContent342">So long distance movements of tools</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="742820" id="STtranscriptContent343">is a sign of trade, not migration.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="745300" id="STtranscriptContent344">What happens when you cut people</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="746850" id="STtranscriptContent345">of from exchange from the</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="749210" id="STtranscriptContent346">ability to exchange and specialize.
    <br>
    <br>
    </span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="751430" id="STtranscriptContent347">And the answer is that not</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="752360" id="STtranscriptContent348">only do you slow down technological progress,</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="755280" id="STtranscriptContent349">you can actually throw it into reverse.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="759880" id="STtranscriptContent350">An example is Tasmania.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="760350" id="STtranscriptContent351">When the sea level rose and Tasmania</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="761600" id="STtranscriptContent352">became an island 10,000 years</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="762940" id="STtranscriptContent353">ago, the people on it not</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="764300" id="STtranscriptContent354">only experienced slower progress</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="767120" id="STtranscriptContent355">than people on the mainland, they actually experienced regress.
    <br>
    <br>
    </span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="770840" id="STtranscriptContent356">They gave up the ability to</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="771960" id="STtranscriptContent357">make stone tools and fishing</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="773260" id="STtranscriptContent358">equipment and clothing because the</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="775810" id="STtranscriptContent359">population of about 4,000</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="777340" id="STtranscriptContent360">people was simply not large</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="778630" id="STtranscriptContent361">enough to maintain the specialized</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="780970" id="STtranscriptContent362">skills necessary to keep</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="783050" id="STtranscriptContent363">the technology they had.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="784130" id="STtranscriptContent364">It's as if the people in this room were plopped on a desert island.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="786960" id="STtranscriptContent365">How many of the things in</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="787920" id="STtranscriptContent366">our pockets could we continue to make after 10,000 years?
    <br>
    <br>
    </span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="792580" id="STtranscriptContent367">It didn't happen in Tierra del Fuego.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="794680" id="STtranscriptContent368">Similar island, similar people.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="796490" id="STtranscriptContent369">The reason: because Tierra del</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="798100" id="STtranscriptContent370">Fuego is separated from</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="799560" id="STtranscriptContent371">South America by a much narrower</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="800980" id="STtranscriptContent372">strait and there was trading</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="802280" id="STtranscriptContent373">contact across that strait throughout ten thousand years.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="805160" id="STtranscriptContent374">The Tasmanians were isolated.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="808980" id="STtranscriptContent375">Go back to this image again</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="810980" id="STtranscriptContent376">and ask yourself not only who</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="812470" id="STtranscriptContent377">made it and for who, but who</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="814490" id="STtranscriptContent378">knew how to make it.
    <br>
    <br>
    </span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="815790" id="STtranscriptContent379">In the case of the</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="817150" id="STtranscriptContent380">stone axe the man who</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="818120" id="STtranscriptContent381">made it knew how to make</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="819130" id="STtranscriptContent382">it, but who knows how to make a computer mouse?</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="823070" id="STtranscriptContent383">Nobody, literally, nobody.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="825410" id="STtranscriptContent384">There is nobody on the planet who knows how to make a computer mouse.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="828520" id="STtranscriptContent385">I mean this quite seriously.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="830600" id="STtranscriptContent386">The president of the computer mouse</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="831730" id="STtranscriptContent387">company doesn't know; he just</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="832700" id="STtranscriptContent388">knows how to make, run a company.
    <br>
    <br>
    </span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="835890" id="STtranscriptContent389">The man, person on the</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="836960" id="STtranscriptContent390">assembly line doesn't know, because</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="838070" id="STtranscriptContent391">he doesn't know how to drill an</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="838970" id="STtranscriptContent392">oil well to get oil out</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="840450" id="STtranscriptContent393">to make plastic, and so on.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="842500" id="STtranscriptContent394">We all know little bits, but none of us knows he whole."</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="845930" id="STtranscriptContent395">I am of course quoting from a</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="847440" id="STtranscriptContent396">famous essay by Leonard Reed,</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="848800" id="STtranscriptContent397">the economist, in the 1950's called</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="850760" id="STtranscriptContent398">"I, pencil," in which</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="852380" id="STtranscriptContent399">he wrote about how a</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="854050" id="STtranscriptContent400">pencil came to be made, and</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="855200" id="STtranscriptContent401">how nobody knows even how to make a pencil.
    <br>
    <br>
    </span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="857870" id="STtranscriptContent402">Because the people who assemble</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="859520" id="STtranscriptContent403">it don't know how to mine</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="860600" id="STtranscriptContent404">graphite and they don't know</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="862060" id="STtranscriptContent405">how to fell trees and that kind of thing.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="863700" id="STtranscriptContent406">And what we've done in</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="865830" id="STtranscriptContent407">human society through exchange and</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="867530" id="STtranscriptContent408">specialization is we've created the</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="870080" id="STtranscriptContent409">ability to do things that we don't even understand.
    <br>
    <br>
    </span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="874600" id="STtranscriptContent410">It's not the same with language.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="875770" id="STtranscriptContent411">With language, we have to transfer</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="877190" id="STtranscriptContent412">ideas that we understand with each other.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="880370" id="STtranscriptContent413">But with technology, we</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="882410" id="STtranscriptContent414">can actually do things that are beyond our capabilities.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="884750" id="STtranscriptContent415">We've gone beyond the capacity</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="886880" id="STtranscriptContent416">of the human mind to a extraordinary degree.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="889590" id="STtranscriptContent417">And by the way, that's one</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="891750" id="STtranscriptContent418">of the reasons that I'm not</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="893420" id="STtranscriptContent419">interested in the debate</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="895320" id="STtranscriptContent420">about IQ, about whether</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="897230" id="STtranscriptContent421">some groups are...have higher IQ than other groups.
    <br>
    <br>
    </span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="899860" id="STtranscriptContent422">It's completely irrelevant.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="902200" id="STtranscriptContent423">What's relevant to a society</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="904230" id="STtranscriptContent424">is how well people are communicating</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="906070" id="STtranscriptContent425">their ideas and how well</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="907550" id="STtranscriptContent426">they're cooperating, not how clever the individuals are.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="911100" id="STtranscriptContent427">See, we've created something called the collective brain.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="914060" id="STtranscriptContent428">We're just the nodes in the network.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="915820" id="STtranscriptContent429">We're the neurons in this brain.
    <br>
    <br>
    </span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="918440" id="STtranscriptContent430">It's the interchange of ideas,</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="920320" id="STtranscriptContent431">the meeting and mating of ideas</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="921890" id="STtranscriptContent432">between them, that is causing</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="924360" id="STtranscriptContent433">technological progress, incrementally, bit</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="926810" id="STtranscriptContent434">by bit, however bad things happen.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="930040" id="STtranscriptContent435">And in the future, as we</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="931370" id="STtranscriptContent436">go forward, we will,</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="933540" id="STtranscriptContent437">of course, experience terrible things.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="935430" id="STtranscriptContent438">There will be wars, there will be depressions, there will be natural disasters.
    <br>
    <br>
    </span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="939000" id="STtranscriptContent439">Awful things will happen in this century.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="940740" id="STtranscriptContent440">I'm absolutely sure.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="941800" id="STtranscriptContent441">But I'm also sure that</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="943760" id="STtranscriptContent442">because of the connections people</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="945420" id="STtranscriptContent443">are mating and the ability of</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="946720" id="STtranscriptContent444">ideas to meet and to</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="949000" id="STtranscriptContent445">mate as never before, I'm</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="951640" id="STtranscriptContent446">also sure that technology</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="954410" id="STtranscriptContent447">will advance and therefore living standards will advance.</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="957760" id="STtranscriptContent448">Because through the cloud, through crowd</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="960270" id="STtranscriptContent449">sourcing, through the bottom</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="961810" id="STtranscriptContent450">up world that we've created where</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="963160" id="STtranscriptContent451">not just the elites, but</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="965450" id="STtranscriptContent452">everybody is able to</span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="967180" id="STtranscriptContent453">have their ideas and make them meet and mate.
    <br>
    <br>
    </span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="970660" id="STtranscriptContent454">We are surely accelerating the rate of innovation.
    <br>
    <br>
    </span>
    <span class="STtranscriptContent" name="974710" id="STtranscriptContent455">Thank you.</span>
    </div>
    </div>