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This file contains hidden or bidirectional Unicode text that may be interpreted or compiled differently than what appears below. To review, open the file in an editor that reveals hidden Unicode characters. Learn more about bidirectional Unicode charactersOriginal file line number Diff line number Diff line change @@ -0,0 +1,450 @@ # KCNA Full 60-Question Mock Exam (with Answers) Format: Multiple Choice (single best answer). Use this like the real exam: attempt all questions, then check answers at the end. --- ## Kubernetes Fundamentals (Q1–20) **Q1.** What is the smallest deployable unit in Kubernetes? a) Container b) Node c) Pod d) Deployment → **Answer: c) Pod** **Q2.** Which component stores the entire cluster state? a) kubelet b) etcd c) Controller Manager d) Scheduler → **Answer: b) etcd** **Q3.** Which object ensures the desired number of Pods is always running? a) Deployment b) Pod c) Service d) ConfigMap → **Answer: a) Deployment** **Q4.** Which command lists all resources in a namespace? a) kubectl list all b) kubectl get all c) kubectl show resources d) kubectl resources list → **Answer: b) kubectl get all** **Q5.** Which workload runs one Pod per node? a) Deployment b) DaemonSet c) StatefulSet d) Job → **Answer: b) DaemonSet** **Q6.** Which workload guarantees stable network identities across Pod restarts? a) Deployment b) DaemonSet c) StatefulSet d) ReplicaSet → **Answer: c) StatefulSet** **Q7.** Default restart policy for Pods? a) OnFailure b) Never c) Always d) Manual → **Answer: c) Always** **Q8.** Which kubelet component manages node networking rules for services? a) kube-scheduler b) kube-proxy c) API server d) etcd → **Answer: b) kube-proxy** **Q9.** Default namespace if not specified? a) kube-system b) default c) kube-public d) cluster-default → **Answer: b) default** **Q10.** Which namespace hosts cluster add-ons like CoreDNS? a) default b) kube-system c) kube-addons d) kube-dns → **Answer: b) kube-system** **Q11.** Which command shows Pod logs? a) kubectl get logs pod b) kubectl logs <pod> c) kubectl describe pod logs d) kubectl pod logs → **Answer: b) kubectl logs <pod>** **Q12.** What happens if a Pod fails a liveness probe? a) Restarted b) Marked NotReady c) Deleted permanently d) Ignored → **Answer: a) Restarted** **Q13.** Headless Service clusterIP value? a) null b) 127.0.0.1 c) None d) Empty string → **Answer: c) None** **Q14.** How to view resources on all namespaces? a) kubectl get all -A b) kubectl get all --global c) kubectl get all namespaces d) kubectl get all --all → **Answer: a) kubectl get all -A** **Q15.** Command to scale a deployment to 5 replicas? a) kubectl resize deployment nginx 5 b) kubectl scale deployment nginx --replicas=5 c) kubectl replica nginx=5 d) kubectl scale pod nginx --count=5 → **Answer: b)** **Q16.** Which object stores sensitive data? a) ConfigMap b) Secret c) Pod d) Deployment → **Answer: b) Secret** **Q17.** Secrets are stored in which format by default? a) Encrypted AES b) Base64 encoded c) Plaintext d) Hashed → **Answer: b) Base64 encoded** **Q18.** How to rollback a deployment? a) kubectl restart deploy b) kubectl scale down c) kubectl rollout undo deploy <name> d) kubectl revert deploy → **Answer: c)** **Q19.** Which YAML field specifies number of Pod replicas in Deployment? a) spec.count b) spec.replicas c) spec.instances d) spec.size → **Answer: b) spec.replicas** **Q20.** What manages certificates and API auth in Kubernetes? a) Controller Manager b) API Server c) Scheduler d) kube-proxy → **Answer: b) API Server** --- ## Container Orchestration (Q21–32) **Q21.** Container runtime most commonly used with Kubernetes? a) Docker b) containerd c) LXC d) runc → **Answer: b) containerd** **Q22.** Who schedules Pods to nodes? a) kubelet b) Scheduler c) API server d) etcd → **Answer: b) Scheduler** **Q23.** What provides Pod-to-Pod networking? a) CRI b) CSI c) CNI d) RBAC → **Answer: c) CNI** **Q24.** Which interface defines how storage is provided? a) CNI b) CRI c) CSI d) PVC → **Answer: c) CSI** **Q25.** Which Service type exposes an application on each node’s IP at a static port? a) ClusterIP b) NodePort c) LoadBalancer d) Headless → **Answer: b) NodePort** **Q26.** Ingress Controller manages? a) Pod scheduling b) External HTTP/HTTPS traffic c) Cluster upgrades d) Secrets management → **Answer: b)** **Q27.** Service mesh purpose? a) Monitor cluster b) Manage container runtime c) Secure and manage service-to-service traffic d) Scale nodes → **Answer: c)** **Q28.** Example of service mesh? a) Istio b) ArgoCD c) Helm d) Prometheus → **Answer: a)** **Q29.** Which object binds a PersistentVolume to a Pod? a) ConfigMap b) PVC c) Secret d) Deployment → **Answer: b) PVC** **Q30.** Node Affinity ensures? a) Pods run on specific nodes b) Services use specific ports c) ConfigMaps apply to only one namespace d) Pods can talk only to selected namespaces → **Answer: a)** **Q31.** Taints prevent scheduling unless Pods have? a) Affinity b) Labels c) Tolerations d) Annotations → **Answer: c) Tolerations** **Q32.** Default DNS suffix in Kubernetes cluster? a) .local.cluster b) .svc.cluster.local c) .svc.cluster d) .cluster.local → **Answer: b)** --- ## Cloud Native Architecture (Q33–43) **Q33.** Autoscale Pods based on CPU usage? a) HPA b) VPA c) Cluster Autoscaler d) CronJob → **Answer: a) HPA** **Q34.** Scale nodes up/down automatically? a) HPA b) VPA c) Cluster Autoscaler d) Service Mesh → **Answer: c)** **Q35.** Vertical Pod Autoscaler changes? a) Pod count b) Node count c) Pod resource requests/limits d) Node affinity rules → **Answer: c)** **Q36.** CNCF full form? a) Cloud Native Computing Foundation b) Cloud Native Cluster Federation c) Containerized Node Cluster Federation d) Cloud Network Computing Framework → **Answer: a)** **Q37.** What is serverless in Kubernetes? a) Running nodes without kubelet b) Event-driven workloads (Knative, OpenFaaS) c) Running Pods without controllers d) Scaling Pods manually → **Answer: b)** **Q38.** Which CNCF project provides monitoring? a) Prometheus b) Fluentd c) Jaeger d) Linkerd → **Answer: a)** **Q39.** Which CNCF project handles logging? a) Prometheus b) Fluentd c) Envoy d) Kubectl → **Answer: b)** **Q40.** Which CNCF project provides tracing? a) Jaeger b) Envoy c) Rook d) Knative → **Answer: a)** **Q41.** CNCF Sandbox projects are? a) Stable b) Early-stage/experimental c) Deprecated d) Vendor proprietary → **Answer: b)** **Q42.** Graduated CNCF projects mean? a) No longer supported b) Widely adopted & mature c) Experimental d) Deprecated soon → **Answer: b)** **Q43.** Governance in CNCF ensures? a) Vendor lock-in b) Open standards and neutrality c) Only paid features d) Centralized ownership → **Answer: b)** --- ## Observability (Q44–49) **Q44.** Tool used for metrics scraping and querying? a) Fluentd b) Jaeger c) Prometheus d) Helm → **Answer: c)** **Q45.** Golden signals of observability? a) CPU, Memory, Storage, Bandwidth b) Latency, Traffic, Errors, Saturation c) Requests, Responses, Retries, Caches d) Health, State, Status, Pods → **Answer: b)** **Q46.** Tool for log collection in CNCF ecosystem? a) Prometheus b) Fluentd c) ArgoCD d) Helm → **Answer: b)** **Q47.** Command to see cluster events? a) kubectl describe events b) kubectl get events c) kubectl events show d) kubectl show logs → **Answer: b)** **Q48.** Command to see Pod resource usage? a) kubectl describe pod b) kubectl top pod c) kubectl get resources d) kubectl usage pod → **Answer: b)** **Q49.** If a Pod is Pending, which command helps troubleshoot? a) kubectl logs <pod> b) kubectl top pod c) kubectl describe pod <pod> d) kubectl rollout status → **Answer: c)** --- ## Application Delivery (Q50–60) **Q50.** GitOps means? a) Using Git to track code only b) Git as single source of truth for deployments c) Git manages kubelet d) Git manages secrets encryption → **Answer: b)** **Q51.** Example of GitOps tool? a) ArgoCD b) Prometheus c) Helm d) Fluentd → **Answer: a)** **Q52.** Rolling update strategy does what? a) Replace all Pods at once b) Gradually replace old Pods with new ones c) Routes subset of traffic d) Keeps old and new running in parallel with manual switch → **Answer: b)** **Q53.** Canary deployment does what? a) Gradually shifts traffic to new version b) Instantly replaces old version c) Creates new namespace d) Deletes old version immediately → **Answer: a)** **Q54.** Blue/Green deployment does what? a) Runs new version alongside old, switches all traffic at once b) Gradually shifts traffic c) Deletes all old Pods first d) Scales to zero → **Answer: a)** **Q55.** CI focuses on? a) Continuous Deployment only b) Automated integration & testing c) Service Mesh setup d) Observability → **Answer: b)** **Q56.** CD focuses on? a) Code commits only b) Delivery and deployment automation c) Storage management d) Node upgrades → **Answer: b)** **Q57.** Helm is used for? a) CI/CD pipelines b) Kubernetes package management c) Logging d) Container runtime → **Answer: b)** **Q58.** ConfigMap can be mounted as? a) Network route b) Environment variable or volume c) Service type d) Node label → **Answer: b)** **Q59.** ArgoCD vs FluxCD key difference? a) ArgoCD has UI, FluxCD is CLI/YAML driven b) ArgoCD is storage, FluxCD is runtime c) ArgoCD for monitoring, FluxCD for logging d) ArgoCD = Helm replacement → **Answer: a)** **Q60.** Command to create a Pod quickly? a) kubectl create pod nginx b) kubectl run nginx --image=nginx c) kubectl new pod nginx d) kubectl pod nginx run → **Answer: b)** --- # ✅ Summary - Total Questions: **60** - Passing: **45+ correct** (75%) - Each domain covered in weight.