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This file contains hidden or bidirectional Unicode text that may be interpreted or compiled differently than what appears below. To review, open the file in an editor that reveals hidden Unicode characters. Learn more about bidirectional Unicode charactersOriginal file line number Diff line number Diff line change @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ Python Cheatsheet ================= ################################ Input & Output ############################### name = input('please enter your name: ') print('hello,', name) ageStr = input('please enter your age: ') -
Dec 20, 2015 . 1 changed file with 72 additions and 72 deletions.There are no files selected for viewing
This file contains hidden or bidirectional Unicode text that may be interpreted or compiled differently than what appears below. To review, open the file in an editor that reveals hidden Unicode characters. Learn more about bidirectional Unicode charactersOriginal file line number Diff line number Diff line change @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ age = int(ageStr) #################################### String #################################### "I'm OK" 'I\'m \"OK\"!' r'\\\t\\' @@ -17,34 +17,34 @@ line3''' ################################ Python's Null ################################ None ################################### Division ################################### 10 / 3 10 // 3 10 % 3 ############################## Unicode <--> char ############################## ord('A') chr(66) '\u4e2d\u6587' #################################### Bytes #################################### b'ABC' ############################### Encode & Decode ############################### '中文'.encode('utf-8') b'\xe4\xb8\xad\xe6\x96\x87'.decode('utf-8') 'ABC'.encode('ascii') b'ABC'.decode('ascii') ################################ String format ################################ 'Hi, %s, you have $%d.' % ('Michael', 1000000) '%.2f' % 3.1415926 'Age: %s. Gender: %s' % (25, True) # bool->true @@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ a # = 'abc' ##################################### List ##################################### classmates = ['Michael', 'Bob', 'Tracy'] len(classmates) @@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ len(L2) # = 4; ################################ Slice of list ################################ L = ['Michael', 'Sarah', 'Tracy', 'Bob', 'Jack'] L[0:3] # = ['Michael', 'Sarah', 'Tracy'] L[:3] # same @@ -88,20 +88,20 @@ L[:] # [0, 1, 2, 3, ..., 99] #################################### Tuple #################################### classmates = ('Michael', 'Bob', 'Tracy') classmates[-1] t = () t = (1,) # attention comma! t = (1, 2) ################################# Other slice ################################# (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5)[:3] # = (0, 1, 2) 'ABCDEFG'[:3] ################################ 'if' statement ################################ age = 20 if age >= 6: print('teenager') @@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ # non-zero int, non-empty str, non-empty list/tuple ############################### 'for' statement ############################### names = ['Michael', 'Bob', 'Tracy'] for name in names: print(name) @@ -128,15 +128,15 @@ sum = sum + x ############################## 'while' statement ############################## sum = 0 x = 100 while x > 0: sum = sum + x x = x - 1 ################################ Key-value dict ################################ d = {'Michael': 95, 'Bob': 75, 'Tracy': 85} d['Michael'] # Get (= 95) d['Adam'] = 67 # Insert @@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ d.pop('Bob') # Delete ##################################### Set ##################################### s = set([1, 2, 3]) set([1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3]) # {1, 2, 3} s.add(4) # no effect if duplicated @@ -157,12 +157,12 @@ s1 | s2 # union ##################################### Math ##################################### abs(-100) max(3, 2, -3, -5) ############################### Type convertion ############################### int('123') int(12.34) float('12.34') @@ -172,20 +172,20 @@ bool('') # False ############################### 'pass' statement ############################### def nop(): pass if age >= 18: pass ############################ 'isinstance' statement ############################ if not isinstance(x, (int, float)): raise TypeError('bad operand type') ############################# return multi values ############################# def move(x, y, step, angle=0): nx = x + step * math.cos(angle) ny = y - step * math.sin(angle) @@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ def move(x, y, step, angle=0): ret = move(...) # -> tuple ##################### Named arguments & default arguments ##################### def enroll(name, gender, age=6, city='Beijing'): print('name:', name) print('gender:', gender) @@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ def add_end(L=None): return L ################################### '*args' ################################### def calc(*numbers): # arg list -> tuple sum = 0 for n in numbers: @@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ def calc(*numbers): # arg list -> tuple calc(*nums) # list/tuple -> arg list ################################## '**kwargs' ################################## def person(name, age, **kw): # arg list -> dict print('name:', name, 'age:', age, 'other:', kw) person('Michael', 30) # kw = {} @@ -245,14 +245,14 @@ def person(name, age, **kw): # arg list -> dict person('Jack', 24, **extra) # dict -> arg list ################################# Named params ################################# def person(name, age, *, city='Beijing', job): print(name, age, city, job) person('Jack', 24, city='Beijing', job='Engineer') person('Jack', 24, 'Beijing', 'Engineer') # error ############################### Iterator on dict ############################### d = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3} for key in d: print(key) # a b c @@ -262,13 +262,13 @@ def person(name, age, *, city='Beijing', job): print(k, v) ################################### Iterable ################################### from collections import Iterable isinstance('abc', Iterable) # True isinstance(123, Iterable) # False ################################ List Generator ################################ [x * x for x in range(1, 11)] [x * x for x in range(1, 11) if x % 2 == 0] [m + n for m in 'ABC' for n in 'XYZ'] @@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ def person(name, age, *, city='Beijing', job): [s.lower() for s in L] ################################## Generator ################################## (x * x for x in range(10)) next(g) # 0 next(g) # 1 @@ -304,24 +304,24 @@ def triangles(): result = [a[i] + b[i] for i in range(len(a))] ######################### Iterable / Iterator / iter() ######################### isinstance('abc', Iterable) # True isinstance('abc', Iterator) # False isinstance(iter('abc'), Iterator) # True ############################ Higher-order functions ############################ def add(x, y, f): return f(x) + f(y) add(-5, 6, abs) # = abs(-5) + abs(6) = 11 ##################################### map ##################################### it = map(abs, [-1, -2, -3]) # iterator list(it) # [1, 2, 3] #################################### reduce #################################### # reduce(f, [x1, x2, x3, x4]) = f(f(f(x1, x2), x3), x4) from functools import reduce def add(x, y): @@ -335,14 +335,14 @@ def str2int(s): return reduce(lambda x, y: x * 10 + y, map(char2num, s)) #################################### filter #################################### def is_odd(n): return n % 2 == 1 list(filter(is_odd, [1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 15])) # = [1, 5, 9, 15] # or: for x in filter(..) .... ################################### Sorting ################################### sorted(['bob', 'about', 'Zoo', 'Credit']) # ['Credit', 'Zoo', 'about', 'bob'] sorted(['bob', 'about', 'Zoo', 'Credit'], key=str.lower) @@ -351,7 +351,7 @@ def is_odd(n): # ['Zoo', 'Credit', 'bob', 'about'] ############################## Return a function ############################## def lazy_sum(*args): def sum(): ax = 0 @@ -364,7 +364,7 @@ def sum(): f() # 25 ################################### Closure ################################### def count(): def f(j): # Bind i->j def g(): @@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ def g(): f1, f2, f3 = count() ################################## Decorator ################################## import functools def log(text): def decorator(func): @@ -397,7 +397,7 @@ def now(): # 2015-3-25 ############################## A Standard Module ############################## #!/usr/bin/env python3 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- @@ -421,7 +421,7 @@ def test(): test() #################################### Class #################################### class Student: def __init__(self, name, score): @@ -432,7 +432,7 @@ def print_score(self): print('%s: %s' % (self.__name, self.__score)) ################################### Inherit ################################### class Animal: def run(self): print('Animal is running...') @@ -452,7 +452,7 @@ class Husky(Mammal, Runnable): # multi pass ########################### Some built-in functions ########################### isinstance(h, Husky) isinstance(h, (int, float)) dir(object) @@ -466,12 +466,12 @@ def common_func(): pass #################################### Slots #################################### class Student(object): __slots__ = ('name', 'age') ################################### Property ################################### class Student: @property @@ -491,7 +491,7 @@ def score(self, value): s.score # OK -> s.get_score() -> 60 ######################### Built-in functions of object ######################### __str__(self) __repr__(self) # __repr__ = __str__ __iter__(self) # return an iterator object @@ -500,7 +500,7 @@ def score(self, value): __call__(self) ################################## Enumerate ################################## enumerate(['A', 'B', 'C']) # {0:'A', 1:'B', 2:'C'} for i, value in enumerate(['A', 'B', 'C']): print(i, value) @@ -515,7 +515,7 @@ def score(self, value): print(name, '=>', member, ',', member.value) ############################ Another usage of enum ############################ from enum import Enum, unique @unique # make sure no duplicated values class Weekday(Enum): @@ -528,7 +528,7 @@ class Weekday(Enum): Sat = 6 ######################## 'try' statement and exception ######################## try: print('try...') r = 10 / 0 @@ -547,19 +547,19 @@ class FooError(ValueError): raise FooError('invalid value: %s' % s) ################################ logging module ################################ import logging logging.exception(e) logging.info('info') # debug, info, warning, error logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO) ############################## 'assert' statement ############################## assert n != 0, 'n is zero!' # python -O to shut down asserts ################################## Unit test ################################## import unittest from mydict import Dict @@ -591,7 +591,7 @@ def tearDown(self): # or python3 -m unittest mydict_test ################################### Doctest ################################### # `...` for some output class Dict(dict): ''' @@ -618,7 +618,7 @@ class Dict(dict): ''' ############################### File Operations ############################### f = open('/Users/michael/notfound.txt', 'r') f.read() # read all -> str f.readline() @@ -647,7 +647,7 @@ class Dict(dict): f.write('Hello, world!') ################################ String Buffer ################################ from io import StringIO f.write('hello') f.write('world!') @@ -658,14 +658,14 @@ class Dict(dict): s = f.readline() ################################# Bytes Buffer ################################# from io import BytesIO f = BytesIO() f.write('中文'.encode('utf-8')) print(f.getvalue()) ################################# 'os' module ################################# import os os.name # 'nt' for windows, 'posix' for linux/unix os.environ @@ -684,7 +684,7 @@ class Dict(dict): [x for x in os.listdir('.') if os.path.isfile(x) and os.path.splitext(x)[1]=='.py'] ############################### 'pickle' module ############################### import pickle d = dict(name='Bob', age=20, score=88) pickle.dumps(d) # -> bytes @@ -695,7 +695,7 @@ class Dict(dict): d = pickle.load(f) ################################ 'json' module ################################ import json d = dict(name='Bob', age=20, score=88) json.dumps(d) # -> str @@ -725,7 +725,7 @@ def dict2student(d): json.loads(json_str, object_hook=dict2student)) ############################## Regular expression ############################## import re re.match(r'^\d{3}\-\d{3,8}$', '010-12345') # Match object or None re.split(r'\s+', 'a b c') # ['a', 'b', 'c'] @@ -738,7 +738,7 @@ def dict2student(d): re_telephone.match('010-12345') ################################# Data & Time ################################# from datetime import datetime now = datetime.now() print(now) # 2015-05-18 16:28:07.198690 @@ -759,15 +759,15 @@ def dict2student(d): bj_dt = utc_dt.astimezone(timezone(timedelta(hours=8))) ################################# Named tuple ################################# from collections import namedtuple Point = namedtuple('Point', ['x', 'y']) p = Point(1, 2) p.x # = 1 p.y # = 2 #################################### deque #################################### from collections import deque q = deque(['a', 'b', 'c']) q.append('x') @@ -776,15 +776,15 @@ def dict2student(d): q.popleft() ################################# defaultdict ################################# from collections import defaultdict dd = defaultdict(lambda: 'N/A') dd['key1'] = 'abc' dd['key1'] # = 'abc' dd['key2'] # = 'N/A' ################################# OrderedDict ################################# from collections import OrderedDict od = OrderedDict() od['z'] = 1 @@ -793,14 +793,14 @@ def dict2student(d): list(od.keys()) # ['z', 'y', 'x'] ################################### Counter ################################### from collections import Counter c = Counter() for ch in 'programming': c[ch] = c[ch] + 1 #################################### base64 #################################### import base64 base64.b64encode(b'binary\x00string') # b'YmluYXJ5AHN0cmluZw==' @@ -810,15 +810,15 @@ def dict2student(d): base64.urlsafe_b64decode('abcd--__') ################################# binary pack ################################# import struct struct.pack('>I', 10240099) # '>' for big-endian, 'I' for 4-byte int struct.unpack('>IH', b'\xf0\xf0\xf0\xf0\x80\x80') # (4042322160, 32896) struct.unpack('<ccIIIIIIHH', bmp_header) ##################################### Hash ##################################### import hashlib md5 = hashlib.md5() # or hashlib.sha1() @@ -827,7 +827,7 @@ def dict2student(d): print(md5.hexdigest()) ################################## itertools ################################## import itertools itertools.count(1) # 1 2 3 4 5 ... itertools.cycle('ABC') # A B C A B ... @@ -848,7 +848,7 @@ def dict2student(d): A ['A', 'A', 'a'] ################################ Web operation ################################ from urllib import request req = request.Request('http://www.douban.com/') @@ -886,7 +886,7 @@ def dict2student(d): print('Data:', f.read().decode('utf-8')) ########################## From Iterator to Coroutine ########################## def consumer(): r = '' while True: @@ -910,7 +910,7 @@ def produce(c): produce(c) ################################## Coroutine ################################## import asyncio @asyncio.coroutine -
Dec 20, 2015 . 1 changed file with 161 additions and 169 deletions.There are no files selected for viewing
This file contains hidden or bidirectional Unicode text that may be interpreted or compiled differently than what appears below. To review, open the file in an editor that reveals hidden Unicode characters. Learn more about bidirectional Unicode charactersOriginal file line number Diff line number Diff line change @@ -1,61 +1,66 @@ Python Cheatsheet ================= # Input & Output name = input('please enter your name: ') print('hello,', name) ageStr = input('please enter your age: ') age = int(ageStr) ############## String ############## "I'm OK" 'I\'m \"OK\"!' r'\\\t\\' '''line1 line2 line3''' ############## Python's Null ############## None ############## Division ############## 10 / 3 10 // 3 10 % 3 ############## Unicode <--> char ############## ord('A') chr(66) '\u4e2d\u6587' ############## Bytes ############## b'ABC' ############## Encode & Decode ############## '中文'.encode('utf-8') b'\xe4\xb8\xad\xe6\x96\x87'.decode('utf-8') 'ABC'.encode('ascii') b'ABC'.decode('ascii') ############## String format ############## 'Hi, %s, you have $%d.' % ('Michael', 1000000) '%.2f' % 3.1415926 'Age: %s. Gender: %s' % (25, True) # bool->true %d int %f float %s str %x hex int a = 'abc' b = a.replace('a', 'A') b # = 'Abc' a # = 'abc' ############## List ############## classmates = ['Michael', 'Bob', 'Tracy'] len(classmates) @@ -70,6 +75,8 @@ L2 = ['python', 'java', ['asp', 'php'], 'scheme'] len(L2) # = 4; ############## Slice of list ############## L = ['Michael', 'Sarah', 'Tracy', 'Bob', 'Jack'] L[0:3] # = ['Michael', 'Sarah', 'Tracy'] L[:3] # same @@ -81,68 +88,67 @@ L[:] # [0, 1, 2, 3, ..., 99] ############## Tuple ############## classmates = ('Michael', 'Bob', 'Tracy') classmates[-1] t = () t = (1,) # attention comma! t = (1, 2) ############## Other slice ############## (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5)[:3] # = (0, 1, 2) 'ABCDEFG'[:3] ############## 'if' statement ############## age = 20 if age >= 6: print('teenager') elif age >= 18: print('adult') else: print('kid') if x: print('True') # x -> True when x is: # non-zero int, non-empty str, non-empty list/tuple ############## 'for' statement ############## names = ['Michael', 'Bob', 'Tracy'] for name in names: print(name) list(range(5)) # = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4] sum = 0 for x in range(101): sum = sum + x ############## 'while' statement ############## sum = 0 x = 100 while x > 0: sum = sum + x x = x - 1 ############## Key-value dict ############## d = {'Michael': 95, 'Bob': 75, 'Tracy': 85} d['Michael'] # Get (= 95) d['Adam'] = 67 # Insert d['Adam'] = 90 # Replace 'Thomas' in d # False d.get('Thomas', -1) # -1 d.pop('Bob') # Delete ############## Set ############## s = set([1, 2, 3]) set([1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3]) # {1, 2, 3} s.add(4) # no effect if duplicated @@ -151,19 +157,12 @@ s1 | s2 # union ############## Math ############## abs(-100) max(3, 2, -3, -5) ############## Type convertion ############## int('123') int(12.34) float('12.34') @@ -172,33 +171,30 @@ bool(1) # True bool('') # False ############## 'pass' statement ############## def nop(): pass if age >= 18: pass ############## 'isinstance' statement ############## if not isinstance(x, (int, float)): raise TypeError('bad operand type') ############## return multi values ############## def move(x, y, step, angle=0): nx = x + step * math.cos(angle) ny = y - step * math.sin(angle) return nx, ny x, y = move(100, 100, 60, math.pi / 6) ret = move(...) # -> tuple ############## Named arguments & default arguments ############## def enroll(name, gender, age=6, city='Beijing'): print('name:', name) print('gender:', gender) @@ -208,23 +204,22 @@ def enroll(name, gender, age=6, city='Beijing'): enroll('Bob', 'M', 7) enroll('Adam', 'M', city='Tianjin') def add_end(L=[]): # L is created every time L.append('END') return L add_end() # ['END'] add_end() # ['END', 'END'] add_end() # ['END', 'END', 'END'] # corrected: def add_end(L=None): if L is None: L = [] L.append('END') return L ############## '*args' ############## def calc(*numbers): # arg list -> tuple sum = 0 for n in numbers: @@ -237,7 +232,7 @@ def calc(*numbers): # arg list -> tuple calc(*nums) # list/tuple -> arg list ############## '**kwargs' ############## def person(name, age, **kw): # arg list -> dict print('name:', name, 'age:', age, 'other:', kw) person('Michael', 30) # kw = {} @@ -250,31 +245,30 @@ def person(name, age, **kw): # arg list -> dict person('Jack', 24, **extra) # dict -> arg list ############## Named params ############## def person(name, age, *, city='Beijing', job): print(name, age, city, job) person('Jack', 24, city='Beijing', job='Engineer') person('Jack', 24, 'Beijing', 'Engineer') # error ############## Iterator on dict ############## d = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3} for key in d: print(key) # a b c for value in d.values(): print(value) # 1 2 3 for k, v in d.items(): print(k, v) ############## Iterable ############## from collections import Iterable isinstance('abc', Iterable) # True isinstance(123, Iterable) # False ############## List Generator ############## [x * x for x in range(1, 11)] [x * x for x in range(1, 11) if x % 2 == 0] [m + n for m in 'ABC' for n in 'XYZ'] @@ -283,16 +277,15 @@ def person(name, age, *, city='Beijing', job): # named params [s.lower() for s in L] ############## Generator ############## (x * x for x in range(10)) next(g) # 0 next(g) # 1 next(g) # 4 ... G = (x * x for x in range(10)) for n in G: print(n) def fib(max): n, a, b = 0, 0, 1 @@ -303,59 +296,62 @@ def fib(max): return 'done' object = fib(10) # type = genetator object def triangles(): result = [1] while True: yield result a, b = [0] + result, result + [0] result = [a[i] + b[i] for i in range(len(a))] ############## Iterable / Iterator / iter() ############## isinstance('abc', Iterable) # True isinstance('abc', Iterator) # False isinstance(iter('abc'), Iterator) # True ############## Higher-order functions ############## def add(x, y, f): return f(x) + f(y) add(-5, 6, abs) # = abs(-5) + abs(6) = 11 ############## map ############## it = map(abs, [-1, -2, -3]) # iterator list(it) # [1, 2, 3] ############## reduce ############## # reduce(f, [x1, x2, x3, x4]) = f(f(f(x1, x2), x3), x4) from functools import reduce def add(x, y): return x + y reduce(add, [1, 3, 5, 7, 9]) # 25 from functools import reduce def char2num(s): return {'0': 0, '1': 1, '2': 2, '3': 3, '4': 4, '5': 5, '6': 6, '7': 7, '8': 8, '9': 9}[s] def str2int(s): return reduce(lambda x, y: x * 10 + y, map(char2num, s)) ############## filter ############## def is_odd(n): return n % 2 == 1 list(filter(is_odd, [1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 15])) # = [1, 5, 9, 15] # or: for x in filter(..) .... ############## Sorting ############## sorted(['bob', 'about', 'Zoo', 'Credit']) # ['Credit', 'Zoo', 'about', 'bob'] sorted(['bob', 'about', 'Zoo', 'Credit'], key=str.lower) # ['about', 'bob', 'Credit', 'Zoo'] sorted(['bob', 'about', 'Zoo', 'Credit'], key=str.lower, reverse=True) # ['Zoo', 'Credit', 'bob', 'about'] ############## Return a function ############## def lazy_sum(*args): def sum(): ax = 0 @@ -367,9 +363,10 @@ def sum(): f # function f() # 25 ############## Closure ############## def count(): def f(j): # Bind i->j def g(): return j*j return g @@ -380,11 +377,8 @@ def g(): f1, f2, f3 = count() ############## Decorator ############## import functools def log(text): def decorator(func): @functools.wraps(func) # 把func的name等属性复制给wrapper @@ -393,19 +387,17 @@ def wrapper(*args, **kw): return func(*args, **kw) return wrapper return decorator @log("call") def now(): print('2015-3-25') now() # call now(): # 2015-3-25 ############## A Standard Module ############## #!/usr/bin/env python3 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- @@ -427,19 +419,20 @@ def test(): if __name__=='__main__': test() ############## Class ############## class Student: def __init__(self, name, score): self.__name = name self.__score = score def print_score(self): print('%s: %s' % (self.__name, self.__score)) ############## Inherit ############## class Animal: def run(self): print('Animal is running...') @@ -459,7 +452,7 @@ class Husky(Mammal, Runnable): # multi pass ############## Some built-in functions ############## isinstance(h, Husky) isinstance(h, (int, float)) dir(object) @@ -469,19 +462,19 @@ class Husky(Mammal, Runnable): # multi class Student: common_attr = 'hello' def common_func(): pass ############## Slots ############## class Student(object): __slots__ = ('name', 'age') ############## Property ############## class Student: @property def score(self): return self._score @@ -492,12 +485,13 @@ def score(self, value): if value < 0 or value > 100: raise ValueError('score must between 0 ~ 100!') self._score = value s = Student() s.score = 60 # OK, -> s.set_score(60) s.score # OK -> s.get_score() -> 60 ############## Built-in functions of object ############## __str__(self) __repr__(self) # __repr__ = __str__ __iter__(self) # return an iterator object @@ -506,6 +500,10 @@ def score(self, value): __call__(self) ############## Enumerate ############## enumerate(['A', 'B', 'C']) # {0:'A', 1:'B', 2:'C'} for i, value in enumerate(['A', 'B', 'C']): print(i, value) from enum import Enum Month = Enum('Month', ('Jan', 'Feb', 'Mar', 'Apr', 'May', 'Jun', 'Jul', 'Aug', 'Sep', 'Oct', 'Nov', 'Dec')) @@ -516,7 +514,8 @@ def score(self, value): for name, member in Month.__members__.items(): print(name, '=>', member, ',', member.value) ############## Another usage of enum ############## from enum import Enum, unique @unique # make sure no duplicated values class Weekday(Enum): @@ -529,40 +528,38 @@ class Weekday(Enum): Sat = 6 ############## 'try' statement and exception ############## try: print('try...') r = 10 / 0 print('result:', r) except ZeroDivisionError as e: print('except:', e) else: pass finally: print('finally...') print('END') class FooError(ValueError): pass raise FooError('invalid value: %s' % s) ############## logging module ############## import logging logging.exception(e) logging.info('info') # debug, info, warning, error logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO) ############## 'assert' statement ############## assert n != 0, 'n is zero!' # python -O to shut down asserts ############## Unit test ############## import unittest from mydict import Dict @@ -579,11 +576,11 @@ def test_keyerror(self): d = Dict() with self.assertRaises(KeyError): value = d['empty'] def other_func(self): # not run pass def setUp(self): print('setUp...') def tearDown(self): @@ -594,8 +591,7 @@ def tearDown(self): # or python3 -m unittest mydict_test ############## Doctest ############## # `...` for some output class Dict(dict): ''' @@ -621,8 +617,8 @@ class Dict(dict): AttributeError: 'Dict' object has no attribute 'empty' ''' ############## File Operations ############## f = open('/Users/michael/notfound.txt', 'r') f.read() # read all -> str f.readline() @@ -632,9 +628,8 @@ class Dict(dict): with open('/path/to/file', 'r') as f: for line in f.readlines(): print(line.strip()) # delelte '\n' # close when leaving 'with' block f = open('/Users/michael/test.jpg', 'rb') f.read() # -> bytes @@ -644,8 +639,6 @@ class Dict(dict): f = open('/Users/michael/gbk.txt', 'r', encoding='gbk', errors='ignore') f = open('/Users/michael/test.txt', 'w') f.write('Hello, world!') f.close() @@ -654,7 +647,7 @@ class Dict(dict): f.write('Hello, world!') ############## String Buffer ############## from io import StringIO f.write('hello') f.write('world!') @@ -665,13 +658,14 @@ class Dict(dict): s = f.readline() ############## Bytes Buffer ############## from io import BytesIO f = BytesIO() f.write('中文'.encode('utf-8')) print(f.getvalue()) ############## 'os' module ############## import os os.name # 'nt' for windows, 'posix' for linux/unix os.environ @@ -690,50 +684,48 @@ class Dict(dict): [x for x in os.listdir('.') if os.path.isfile(x) and os.path.splitext(x)[1]=='.py'] ############## 'pickle' module ############## import pickle d = dict(name='Bob', age=20, score=88) pickle.dumps(d) # -> bytes with open('dump.txt', 'wb') as f: pickle.dump(d, f) with open('dump.txt', 'rb') as f: d = pickle.load(f) ############## 'json' module ############## import json d = dict(name='Bob', age=20, score=88) json.dumps(d) # -> str json_str = '{"age": 20, "score": 88, "name": "Bob"}' json.loads(json_str) # -> dict json.load(file) import json class Student(object): def __init__(self, name, age, score): self.name = name self.age = age self.score = score def student2dict(std): return { 'name': std.name, 'age': std.age, 'score': std.score } print(json.dumps(s, default=student2dict)) print(json.dumps(s, default=lambda obj: obj.__dict__)) def dict2student(d): return Student(d['name'], d['age'], d['score']) json_str = '{"age": 20, "score": 88, "name": "Bob"}' json.loads(json_str, object_hook=dict2student)) ############## Regular expression ############## import re re.match(r'^\d{3}\-\d{3,8}$', '010-12345') # Match object or None re.split(r'\s+', 'a b c') # ['a', 'b', 'c'] @@ -746,8 +738,7 @@ def dict2student(d): re_telephone.match('010-12345') ############## Data & Time ############## from datetime import datetime now = datetime.now() print(now) # 2015-05-18 16:28:07.198690 @@ -759,25 +750,24 @@ def dict2student(d): cday = datetime.strptime('2015-6-1 18:19:59', '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S') cday_str = cday.strftime('%a, %b %d %H:%M') from datetime import datetime, timedelta now = datetime.now() now + timedelta(days=2, hours=12) from datetime import datetime, timedelta, timezone datetime.utcnow() bj_dt = utc_dt.astimezone(timezone(timedelta(hours=8))) ############## Named tuple ############## from collections import namedtuple Point = namedtuple('Point', ['x', 'y']) p = Point(1, 2) p.x # = 1 p.y # = 2 ############## deque ############## from collections import deque q = deque(['a', 'b', 'c']) q.append('x') @@ -786,13 +776,15 @@ def dict2student(d): q.popleft() ############## defaultdict ############## from collections import defaultdict dd = defaultdict(lambda: 'N/A') dd['key1'] = 'abc' dd['key1'] # = 'abc' dd['key2'] # = 'N/A' ############## OrderedDict ############## from collections import OrderedDict od = OrderedDict() od['z'] = 1 @@ -801,12 +793,14 @@ def dict2student(d): list(od.keys()) # ['z', 'y', 'x'] ############## Counter ############## from collections import Counter c = Counter() for ch in 'programming': c[ch] = c[ch] + 1 ############## base64 ############## import base64 base64.b64encode(b'binary\x00string') # b'YmluYXJ5AHN0cmluZw==' @@ -816,14 +810,15 @@ def dict2student(d): base64.urlsafe_b64decode('abcd--__') ############## binary pack ############## import struct struct.pack('>I', 10240099) # '>' for big-endian, 'I' for 4-byte int struct.unpack('>IH', b'\xf0\xf0\xf0\xf0\x80\x80') # (4042322160, 32896) struct.unpack('<ccIIIIIIHH', bmp_header) ############## Hash ############## import hashlib md5 = hashlib.md5() # or hashlib.sha1() @@ -832,7 +827,7 @@ def dict2student(d): print(md5.hexdigest()) ############## itertools ############## import itertools itertools.count(1) # 1 2 3 4 5 ... itertools.cycle('ABC') # A B C A B ... @@ -853,6 +848,7 @@ def dict2student(d): A ['A', 'A', 'a'] ############## Web operation ############## from urllib import request req = request.Request('http://www.douban.com/') @@ -862,7 +858,6 @@ def dict2student(d): for k, v in f.getheaders(): print('%s: %s' % (k, v)) print('Data:', f.read().decode('utf-8')) from urllib import request, parse @@ -891,8 +886,7 @@ def dict2student(d): print('Data:', f.read().decode('utf-8')) ############## From Iterator to Coroutine ############## def consumer(): r = '' while True: @@ -916,27 +910,25 @@ def produce(c): produce(c) ############## Coroutine ############## import asyncio @asyncio.coroutine def hello(): print("Hello world!") # call asyncio.sleep(1) asynchronously r = yield from asyncio.sleep(1) print("Hello again!") # Get EventLoop loop = asyncio.get_event_loop() # Run coroutine loop.run_until_complete(hello()) loop.close() # in python 3.5 async def hello(): print("Hello world!") # call asyncio.sleep(1) asynchronously r = await asyncio.sleep(1) print("Hello again!") -
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This file contains hidden or bidirectional Unicode text that may be interpreted or compiled differently than what appears below. To review, open the file in an editor that reveals hidden Unicode characters. Learn more about bidirectional Unicode charactersOriginal file line number Diff line number Diff line change @@ -0,0 +1,942 @@ Python Cheatsheet ================= # 输入输出 ```python name = input('please enter your name: ') print('hello,', name) ageStr = input('please enter your age: ') age = int(ageStr) ``` # 字符串 "I'm OK" 'I\'m \"OK\"!' r'\\\t\\' '''line1 line2 line3''' None 10 / 3 10 // 3 10 % 3 ord('A') chr(66) '\u4e2d\u6587' b'ABC' # bytes '中文'.encode('utf-8') b'\xe4\xb8\xad\xe6\x96\x87'.decode('utf-8') 'ABC'.encode('ascii') b'ABC'.decode('ascii') 'Hi, %s, you have $%d.' % ('Michael', 1000000) '%.2f' % 3.1415926 'Age: %s. Gender: %s' % (25, True) # bool->true %d 整数 %f 浮点数 %s 字符串 %x 十六进制整数 classmates = ['Michael', 'Bob', 'Tracy'] len(classmates) classmates[-1] = 'Sarah' classmates.append('Adam') classmates.insert(1, 'Jack') classmates.pop() L0 = [] L1 = ['Apple', 123, True] L2 = ['python', 'java', ['asp', 'php'], 'scheme'] len(L2) # = 4; L = ['Michael', 'Sarah', 'Tracy', 'Bob', 'Jack'] L[0:3] # = ['Michael', 'Sarah', 'Tracy'] L[:3] # same L[:-2] # same L = list(range(100)) L[:10:2] # = [0, 2, 4, 6, 8] L[::5] # [0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 ... 90, 95] L[:] # [0, 1, 2, 3, ..., 99] classmates = ('Michael', 'Bob', 'Tracy') classmates[-1] t = () t = (1,) # attention comma! t = (1, 2) (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5)[:3] # = (0, 1, 2) 'ABCDEFG'[:3] age = 20 if age >= 6: print('teenager') elif age >= 18: print('adult') else: print('kid') # x是非零数值、非空字符串、非空list等，就判断为True if x: print('True') names = ['Michael', 'Bob', 'Tracy'] for name in names: print(name) list(range(5)) # = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4] sum = 0 for x in range(101): sum = sum + x sum = 0 x = 100 while x > 0: sum = sum + x x = x - 1 d = {'Michael': 95, 'Bob': 75, 'Tracy': 85} d['Michael'] # Get (= 95) d['Adam'] = 67 # Insert d['Adam'] = 90 # Replace 'Thomas' in d # False d.get('Thomas', -1) # -1 d.pop('Bob') # Delete s = set([1, 2, 3]) set([1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3]) # {1, 2, 3} s.add(4) # no effect if duplicated s.remove(4) s1 & s2 # intersection s1 | s2 # union # dict和set的key必须是不可变对象 a = 'abc' b = a.replace('a', 'A') b # = 'Abc' a # = 'abc' abs(-100) max(3, 2, -3, -5) int('123') int(12.34) float('12.34') str(1.23) str(100) bool(1) # True bool('') # False a = abs a(-1) # ==== abs(-1) = 1 def nop(): pass if age >= 18: pass if not isinstance(x, (int, float)): raise TypeError('bad operand type') def move(x, y, step, angle=0): nx = x + step * math.cos(angle) ny = y - step * math.sin(angle) return nx, ny x, y = move(100, 100, 60, math.pi / 6) ret = move(...) # -> tuple def enroll(name, gender, age=6, city='Beijing'): print('name:', name) print('gender:', gender) print('age:', age) print('city:', city) enroll('Sarah', 'F') enroll('Bob', 'M', 7) enroll('Adam', 'M', city='Tianjin') def add_end(L=[]): L.append('END') return L add_end() # ['END'] add_end() # ['END', 'END'] add_end() # ['END', 'END', 'END'] # correct: def add_end(L=None): if L is None: L = [] L.append('END') return L def calc(*numbers): # arg list -> tuple sum = 0 for n in numbers: sum = sum + n * n return sum calc(1, 2) calc(1, 2, 3) calc() calc(*nums) # list/tuple -> arg list def person(name, age, **kw): # arg list -> dict print('name:', name, 'age:', age, 'other:', kw) person('Michael', 30) # kw = {} person('Bob', 35, city='Beijing') # kw = {'city': 'Beijing'} person('Adam', 45, gender='M', job='Engineer') # kw = {'gender': 'M', 'job': 'Engineer'} extra = {'city': 'Beijing', 'job': 'Engineer'} person('Jack', 24, **extra) # dict -> arg list def person(name, age, *, city='Beijing', job): # named params print(name, age, city, job) person('Jack', 24, city='Beijing', job='Engineer') person('Jack', 24, 'Beijing', 'Engineer') # error d = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3} for key in d: print(key) # a b c for value in d.values(): print(value) # 1 2 3 for k, v in d.items(): print(k, v) from collections import Iterable isinstance('abc', Iterable) # True isinstance(123, Iterable) # False enumerate(['A', 'B', 'C']) # {0:'A', 1:'B', 2:'C'} for i, value in enumerate(['A', 'B', 'C']): print(i, value) # List Generator [x * x for x in range(1, 11)] [x * x for x in range(1, 11) if x % 2 == 0] [m + n for m in 'ABC' for n in 'XYZ'] [k + '=' + v for k, v in d.items()] L = ['Hello', 'World', 'IBM', 'Apple'] [s.lower() for s in L] # Generator (x * x for x in range(10)) next(g) # 0 next(g) # 1 next(g) # 4 ... G = (x * x for x in range(10)) for n in G: print(n) def fib(max): n, a, b = 0, 0, 1 while n < max: yield b a, b = b, a + b n = n + 1 return 'done' object = fib(10) # type = genetator object def triangles(): result = [1] while True: yield result a, b = [0] + result, result + [0] result = [a[i] + b[i] for i in range(len(a))] isinstance('abc', Iterable) # True isinstance('abc', Iterator) # False isinstance(iter('abc'), Iterator) # True def add(x, y, f): return f(x) + f(y) add(-5, 6, abs) # = abs(-5) + abs(6) = 11 it = map(abs, [-1, -2, -3]) # iterator list(it) # [1, 2, 3] # reduce(f, [x1, x2, x3, x4]) = f(f(f(x1, x2), x3), x4) from functools import reduce def add(x, y): return x + y reduce(add, [1, 3, 5, 7, 9]) # 25 from functools import reduce def char2num(s): return {'0': 0, '1': 1, '2': 2, '3': 3, '4': 4, '5': 5, '6': 6, '7': 7, '8': 8, '9': 9}[s] def str2int(s): return reduce(lambda x, y: x * 10 + y, map(char2num, s)) def is_odd(n): return n % 2 == 1 list(filter(is_odd, [1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 15])) # [1, 5, 9, 15] sorted(['bob', 'about', 'Zoo', 'Credit']) #['Credit', 'Zoo', 'about', 'bob'] sorted(['bob', 'about', 'Zoo', 'Credit'], key=str.lower) #['about', 'bob', 'Credit', 'Zoo'] sorted(['bob', 'about', 'Zoo', 'Credit'], key=str.lower, reverse=True) #['Zoo', 'Credit', 'bob', 'about'] def lazy_sum(*args): def sum(): ax = 0 for n in args: ax = ax + n return ax return sum f = lazy_sum(1, 3, 5, 7, 9) f # function f() # 25 # Correct usage of closure def count(): def f(j): def g(): return j*j return g fs = [] for i in range(1, 4): fs.append(f(i)) return fs f1, f2, f3 = count() # Decorator import functools def log(text): def decorator(func): @functools.wraps(func) # 把func的name等属性复制给wrapper def wrapper(*args, **kw): print('%s %s():' % (text, func.__name__)) return func(*args, **kw) return wrapper return decorator @log("call") def now(): print('2015-3-25') now() # call now(): # 2015-3-25 # A standard module #!/usr/bin/env python3 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- ' a test module ' __author__ = 'Michael Liao' import sys def test(): args = sys.argv if len(args)==1: print('Hello, world!') elif len(args)==2: print('Hello, %s!' % args[1]) else: print('Too many arguments!') if __name__=='__main__': test() # class class Student: def __init__(self, name, score): self.__name = name self.__score = score def print_score(self): print('%s: %s' % (self.__name, self.__score)) # inherit class Animal: def run(self): print('Animal is running...') class Dog(Animal): pass class Tortoise(Animal): def run(self): print('Tortoise is running slowly...') class Runnable: def run(self): print('Running...') class Husky(Mammal, Runnable): # multi pass isinstance(h, Husky) isinstance(h, (int, float)) dir(object) getattr(obj, 'attr') setattr(obj, 'attr', 123) hasattr(obj, 'attr') class Student: common_attr = 'hello' def common_func(): pass class Student(object): __slots__ = ('name', 'age') class Student: @property def score(self): return self._score @score.setter def score(self, value): if not isinstance(value, int): raise ValueError('score must be an integer!') if value < 0 or value > 100: raise ValueError('score must between 0 ~ 100!') self._score = value s = Student() s.score = 60 # OK, -> s.set_score(60) s.score # OK -> s.get_score() -> 60 __str__(self) __repr__(self) # __repr__ = __str__ __iter__(self) # return an iterator object __getitem__(self, n_or_slice) # [n] [n:m] __getattr__(self, attr_name) __call__(self) from enum import Enum Month = Enum('Month', ('Jan', 'Feb', 'Mar', 'Apr', 'May', 'Jun', 'Jul', 'Aug', 'Sep', 'Oct', 'Nov', 'Dec')) Month.Jan # == 1. Enum begins from 1 Month['Jan'] Month(1) for name, member in Month.__members__.items(): print(name, '=>', member, ',', member.value) # another usage from enum import Enum, unique @unique # make sure no duplicated values class Weekday(Enum): Sun = 0 # set Sun = 0 Mon = 1 Tue = 2 Wed = 3 Thu = 4 Fri = 5 Sat = 6 try: print('try...') r = 10 / 0 print('result:', r) except ZeroDivisionError as e: print('except:', e) else: pass finally: print('finally...') print('END') class FooError(ValueError): pass raise FooError('invalid value: %s' % s) import logging logging.exception(e) logging.info('info') # debug, info, warning, error logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO) assert n != 0, 'n is zero!' # python -O to shut down asserts import unittest from mydict import Dict class TestDict(unittest.TestCase): def test_init(self): d = Dict(a=1, b='test') self.assertEqual(d.a, 1) self.assertEqual(d.b, 'test') self.assertTrue(isinstance(d, dict)) def test_keyerror(self): d = Dict() with self.assertRaises(KeyError): value = d['empty'] def other_func(self): # not run pass def setUp(self): print('setUp...') def tearDown(self): print('tearDown...') if __name__ == '__main__': unittest.main() # or python3 -m unittest mydict_test # doctest # `...` for some output class Dict(dict): ''' Simple dict but also support access as x.y style. >>> d1 = Dict() >>> d1['x'] = 100 >>> d1.x 100 >>> d1.y = 200 >>> d1['y'] 200 >>> d2 = Dict(a=1, b=2, c='3') >>> d2.c '3' >>> d2['empty'] Traceback (most recent call last): ... KeyError: 'empty' >>> d2.empty Traceback (most recent call last): ... AttributeError: 'Dict' object has no attribute 'empty' ''' f = open('/Users/michael/notfound.txt', 'r') f.read() # read all -> str f.readline() f.read(size_in_bytes) f.readlines() # -> list f.close() with open('/path/to/file', 'r') as f: for line in f.readlines(): print(line.strip()) # delelte '\n' # close when leaving 'with' block f = open('/Users/michael/test.jpg', 'rb') f.read() # -> bytes f = open('/Users/michael/gbk.txt', 'r', encoding='gbk') f.read() # -> str f = open('/Users/michael/gbk.txt', 'r', encoding='gbk', errors='ignore') f = open('/Users/michael/test.txt', 'w') f.write('Hello, world!') f.close() with open('/Users/michael/test.txt', 'w') as f: f.write('Hello, world!') from io import StringIO f.write('hello') f.write('world!') print(f.getvalue()) from io import StringIO f = StringIO('Hello!\nHi!\nGoodbye!') s = f.readline() from io import BytesIO f = BytesIO() f.write('中文'.encode('utf-8')) print(f.getvalue()) import os os.name # 'nt' for windows, 'posix' for linux/unix os.environ os.environ.get('PATH') os.path.abspath('.') os.path.join('/Users/michael', 'testdir') os.mkdir('/Users/michael/testdir') os.rmdir('/Users/michael/testdir') os.path.split('/Users/michael/testdir/file.txt') # ('/Users/michael/testdir', 'file.txt') os.path.splitext('/path/to/file.txt') # ('/path/to/file', '.txt') os.rename('test.txt', 'test.py') os.remove('test.py') os.listdir('.') [x for x in os.listdir('.') if os.path.isfile(x) and os.path.splitext(x)[1]=='.py'] import pickle d = dict(name='Bob', age=20, score=88) pickle.dumps(d) # -> bytes with open('dump.txt', 'wb') as f: pickle.dump(d, f) with open('dump.txt', 'rb') as f: d = pickle.load(f) import json d = dict(name='Bob', age=20, score=88) json.dumps(d) # -> str json_str = '{"age": 20, "score": 88, "name": "Bob"}' json.loads(json_str) # -> dict json.load(file) import json class Student(object): def __init__(self, name, age, score): self.name = name self.age = age self.score = score def student2dict(std): return { 'name': std.name, 'age': std.age, 'score': std.score } print(json.dumps(s, default=student2dict)) print(json.dumps(s, default=lambda obj: obj.__dict__)) def dict2student(d): return Student(d['name'], d['age'], d['score']) json_str = '{"age": 20, "score": 88, "name": "Bob"}' json.loads(json_str, object_hook=dict2student)) import re re.match(r'^\d{3}\-\d{3,8}$', '010-12345') # Match object or None re.split(r'\s+', 'a b c') # ['a', 'b', 'c'] m = re.match(r'^(\d{3})-(\d{3,8})$', '010-12345') m.group(0) # '010-12345' m.group(1) # '010' m.group(2) # '12345' m.groups() # ('010', '12345') re_telephone = re.compile(r'^(\d{3})-(\d{3,8})$') re_telephone.match('010-12345') from datetime import datetime now = datetime.now() print(now) # 2015-05-18 16:28:07.198690 dt = datetime(2015, 4, 19, 12, 20) print(dt) # 2015-04-19 12:20:00 dt.timestamp() # 1429417200.0 dt = datetime.fromtimestamp(1429417200.0) print(dt) # 2015-04-19 12:20:00 cday = datetime.strptime('2015-6-1 18:19:59', '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S') cday_str = cday.strftime('%a, %b %d %H:%M') from datetime import datetime, timedelta now = datetime.now() now + timedelta(days=2, hours=12) from datetime import datetime, timedelta, timezone datetime.utcnow() bj_dt = utc_dt.astimezone(timezone(timedelta(hours=8))) from collections import namedtuple Point = namedtuple('Point', ['x', 'y']) p = Point(1, 2) p.x # = 1 p.y # = 2 from collections import deque q = deque(['a', 'b', 'c']) q.append('x') q.appendleft('y') q.pop() q.popleft() from collections import defaultdict dd = defaultdict(lambda: 'N/A') dd['key1'] = 'abc' dd['key1'] # = 'abc' dd['key2'] # = 'N/A' from collections import OrderedDict od = OrderedDict() od['z'] = 1 od['y'] = 2 od['x'] = 3 list(od.keys()) # ['z', 'y', 'x'] from collections import Counter c = Counter() for ch in 'programming': c[ch] = c[ch] + 1 import base64 base64.b64encode(b'binary\x00string') # b'YmluYXJ5AHN0cmluZw==' base64.b64decode(b'YmluYXJ5AHN0cmluZw==') # b'binary\x00string' base64.urlsafe_b64encode(b'i\xb7\x1d\xfb\xef\xff') base64.urlsafe_b64decode('abcd--__') import struct struct.pack('>I', 10240099) # '>' for big-endian, 'I' for 4-byte int struct.unpack('>IH', b'\xf0\xf0\xf0\xf0\x80\x80') # (4042322160, 32896) struct.unpack('<ccIIIIIIHH', bmp_header) import hashlib md5 = hashlib.md5() # or hashlib.sha1() md5.update('how to use md5 in '.encode('utf-8')) md5.update('python hashlib?'.encode('utf-8')) print(md5.hexdigest()) import itertools itertools.count(1) # 1 2 3 4 5 ... itertools.cycle('ABC') # A B C A B ... itertools.repeat('A') # A A A A A... itertools.repeat('A', 3) # A A A [end] natuals = itertools.count(1) ns = itertools.takewhile(lambda x: x <= 10, natuals) list(ns) # [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10] itertools.chain('ABC', 'XYZ') itertools.groupby('AAABBBCCAAA') # (key, group) itertools.groupby('AaaBBbcCAAa', lambda c: c.upper()) A ['A', 'a', 'a'] B ['B', 'B', 'b'] C ['c', 'C'] A ['A', 'A', 'a'] from urllib import request req = request.Request('http://www.douban.com/') req.add_header('User-Agent', 'Mozilla/6.0 (iPhone; CPU iPhone OS 8_0 like Mac OS X) AppleWebKit/536.26 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/8.0 Mobile/10A5376e Safari/8536.25') with request.urlopen(req) as f: print('Status:', f.status, f.reason) for k, v in f.getheaders(): print('%s: %s' % (k, v)) print('Data:', f.read().decode('utf-8')) from urllib import request, parse print('Login to weibo.cn...') email = input('Email: ') passwd = input('Password: ') login_data = parse.urlencode([ ('username', email), ('password', passwd), ('entry', 'mweibo'), ('client_id', ''), ('savestate', '1'), ('ec', ''), ('pagerefer', 'https://passport.weibo.cn/signin/welcome?entry=mweibo&r=http%3A%2F%2Fm.weibo.cn%2F') ]) req = request.Request('https://passport.weibo.cn/sso/login') req.add_header('Origin', 'https://passport.weibo.cn') req.add_header('User-Agent', 'Mozilla/6.0 (iPhone; CPU iPhone OS 8_0 like Mac OS X) AppleWebKit/536.26 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/8.0 Mobile/10A5376e Safari/8536.25') req.add_header('Referer', 'https://passport.weibo.cn/signin/login?entry=mweibo&res=wel&wm=3349&r=http%3A%2F%2Fm.weibo.cn%2F') with request.urlopen(req, data=login_data.encode('utf-8')) as f: print('Status:', f.status, f.reason) for k, v in f.getheaders(): print('%s: %s' % (k, v)) print('Data:', f.read().decode('utf-8')) # Coroutine def consumer(): r = '' while True: n = yield r if not n: return print('[CONSUMER] Consuming %s...' % n) r = '200 OK' def produce(c): c.send(None) n = 0 while n < 5: n = n + 1 print('[PRODUCER] Producing %s...' % n) r = c.send(n) print('[PRODUCER] Consumer return: %s' % r) c.close() c = consumer() produce(c) import asyncio @asyncio.coroutine def hello(): print("Hello world!") # 异步调用asyncio.sleep(1): r = yield from asyncio.sleep(1) print("Hello again!") # 获取EventLoop: loop = asyncio.get_event_loop() # 执行coroutine loop.run_until_complete(hello()) loop.close() # in python 3.5 async def hello(): print("Hello world!") # 异步调用asyncio.sleep(1): r = await asyncio.sleep(1) print("Hello again!")